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Guacolda power station (Termoeléctrica Guacolda) is an operating power station of at least 760-megawatts (MW) in Huasco, Atacama Region, Chile. It is also known as Huasco power station.
Location
Table 1: Project-level location details
| Plant name | Location | Coordinates (WGS 84) |
|---|---|---|
| Guacolda power station | Huasco, Huasco, Atacama Region, Chile | -28.465013, -71.256541 (exact)[1] |
Unit-level coordinates (WGS 84):
- Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5: -28.465013, -71.256541
Project Details
Table 2: Unit-level details
| Unit name | Status | Fuel(s) | Capacity (MW) | Technology | Start year | Retired year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 | Operating[2] | coal: bituminous[3] | 152[2][4] | subcritical | 1995[2] | 2040 (planned)[5] |
| Unit 2 | Operating[2] | coal: bituminous[3] | 152[2][4] | subcritical | 1996[2] | 2040 (planned)[5] |
| Unit 3 | Operating[2] | coal: bituminous[3] | 152[2][4] | subcritical | 2009[2] | 2040 (planned)[5] |
| Unit 4 | Operating[2] | coal: bituminous[3] | 152[2][4] | subcritical | 2010[2] | 2040 (planned)[5] |
| Unit 5 | Operating[2] | coal: bituminous[3] | 152[2][4] | subcritical | 2015[2] | 2040 (planned)[5] |
Table 3: Unit-level ownership and operator details
| Unit name | Owner | Parent |
|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 | El Aguila Energy SpA [100%][2] | Capital Advisors [100.0%] |
| Unit 2 | El Aguila Energy SpA [100%][2] | Capital Advisors [100.0%] |
| Unit 3 | El Aguila Energy SpA [100%][2] | Capital Advisors [100.0%] |
| Unit 4 | El Aguila Energy SpA [100%][2] | Capital Advisors [100.0%] |
| Unit 5 | El Aguila Energy SpA [100%][2] | Capital Advisors [100.0%] |
Ownership Tree
This ownership tree is part of the Global Energy Ownership Tracker, a project of Global Energy Monitor.
Financing
- Source of financing: Unit 5: US$318 million in debt from Itau-Unibanco and BancoEstado
Background
Launched in 1992, the Guacolda subcritical coal project supplies power to the northern sector of Chile's SIC (Sistema Interconectado Central) electrical grid. The first unit at Guacolda began producing power in July 1995. Additional units came online in August 1996, July 2009 and March 2010.[6][7] Units 1-5 each have 152 MW of capacity.[8]
The fifth 152 MW unit received its environmental permit in August 2010[9] and was constructed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, with operations scheduled to begin in the second half of 2015.[10] In September 2013, responding to tougher new government pollution restrictions, the plant announced a deal with the Austrian company Andritz to acquire a selective catalytic reduction plant, four desalinization plants and technology for cleaning exhaust fumes, all expected to be in place by early 2016.[11]
The new unit began operating in the fourth quarter of 2015.[6]
Planned ammonia co-firing
In December 2022, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries signed a Memorandum of Understanding with independent power producer Guacolda Energía SpA to begin a feasibility study for the introduction of ammonia co-firing at the power station.[12] The study was to be conducted in two phases through 2026. The company would target a combustion ratio of 30% ammonia, with the possibility of increasing the proportion in the future.[13]
As per June 2024 news, the company was studying the technical and economic feasibility of combining coal with green ammonia. This co-firing would not require significant modifications to existing facilities. During 2023 and 2024, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry conducted a study on the supply of burners and other equipment necessary for co-firing 30% green ammonia at two units (30% ammonia and 70% coal), with no issues detected. A burner based on these results was being developed, and a detailed conversion plan was expected to be implemented between 2025 and 2026. In the future, Guacolda was considering increasing the co-combustion rate to 50% at its five thermoelectric units. In addition, the Company has signed an agreement with a development company that is promoting a local green ammonia production project.[14]
A November 2024 draft of the Chilean Ministry of Energy's new Decarbonization Plan acknowledged Guacolda's plans to modify Units 1 and 2 to co-fire 30% ammonia by 2030, and to modify all units (1-5) to co-fire 50% ammonia by 2033.[15]
Chilean environmental groups including Chile Sustentable and Chao Carbón have criticized the government's support for ammonia co-firing at Guacolda, noting that the technology has not been tested at commercial scale, and asserting that it is a false solution whose implementation will prolong the negative environmental, climate, health, and electricity price impacts of burning coal, while representing a step backward in meeting Chile's stated climate goals.[16][17] Opponents of the co-firing plan have specifically objected to the Chilean government's loosening of its official Norms for Power Plant Emissions, which were revised in November 2024 to include Transitory Article 5, allowing power plants under conversion such as Guacolda to emit up to 350 mg/Nm3 of nitrogen oxide (NOx) through 2040, a near doubling of the previously proposed standard of 200 mg/Nm3 of NOx.[18][19]
In October 2024, Guacolda Energía presented a more detailed roadmap for the co-firing project: two units would begin burning a 30% ammonia and 70% coal mixture in 2030, with all five units switching to a 50%/50% mixture by 2033. A third phase involving 100% ammonia remained under evaluation, with the company acknowledging in a January 2025 letter to the Council of Ministers that there was no certainty regarding the behavior of coal boilers operating on pure ammonia.[20]
A study by consultancy Cuatro Vientos Consultores, commissioned by Guacolda Energía and submitted to the Ministry of the Environment in September 2024, concluded that a conversion to ammonia co-firing would only be economically justified if the plant's operational life were extended to 2050 – ten years beyond Chile's 2040 coal phase-out commitment.[21]
On March 18, 2025, the Council of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change approved Decree DS 8/2025, updating emission standards for thermal power plants. The decree included a transitional provision allowing plants that declared a conversion plan to emit up to 350 mg/Nm³ of nitrogen oxides (NOx) through 2040 – 75% more than the general standard of 200 mg/Nm³ applicable to other existing plants. Environmental organizations argued that the provision was designed specifically for Guacolda's coal-ammonia co-firing plan, since ammonia combustion is the only conversion technology that increases NOx emissions. On March 12, 2026, one day after President José Antonio Kast took office, the Ministry of the Environment withdrew DS 8/2025 from the Contraloría General de la República before it could take effect, along with 42 other environmental decrees, citing a review process. As of May 2026, Chile's thermal power plants continued to operate under the 2011 emissions standards, under which Guacolda's permitted NOx limit remained 500 mg/Nm³.[22]
Planned phase-out by 2040
According to the Chilean Ministry of Energy's national decarbonization plan, first announced by President Sebastián Piñera in June 2019, and updated in October 2025, all five units of the Guacolda (Huasco) power station are to cease operations no later than 2040.[23]
At the time of the original announcement, plant owner AES Gener agreed to consult with the government every five years to update its plans for the Guacolda plant, taking into account system stability requirements, energy costs, and environmental goals.[8] Specific decommissioning dates were yet to be determined, but AES Gener's 2019 annual report listed expiration dates of 2020 to 2032 for current contracts at its Guacolda units.[24] Chile's Ministry of Energy did not include the Guacolda power station in its list of plants to be disconnected in 2019-2024.[25]
In 2021, when AES sold the Guacolda plant to El Águila Energy II SpA (a subsidiary of the financial group Capital Advisors), the new owners affirmed their intention to adhere to 2040 deadline for closing all coal units at Guacolda.[26]
As of January 2026, Guacolda remained one of the few coal plants in Chile still lacking firm retirement commitments prior to 2040.[27][28]
As of May 2026, Guacolda remained one of the few coal plants in Chile without a firm closure commitment prior to 2040. A May 2026 investigation by Climate Tracker América Latina and El Clip noted that the plant's own technical documents indicated that the company was planning to continue burning coal beyond 2040, on the basis that conversion to ammonia co-firing would only be economically viable if the plant's operational life were extended to 2050. The investigation also reported that with the withdrawal of DS 8/2025 by the Kast government in March 2026, the broader regulatory framework governing the timeline and conditions for coal phase-out in Chile had become uncertain.[29]
Environmental Impact
In September 2017, César Araya, a government official for the Atacama region, announced the implementation of a new environmental management plan for the Guacolda plant, designed to improve air quality by imposing a 22% reduction in particulate emissions over a five- to 10-year period. Chilean environmental groups including S.O.S Huasco, Chile Sustentable and the Asamblea Freirina criticized the plan, asserting that it provided insufficient public health protections and gave local industry excessive leeway to regulate itself and delay meaningful emissions reductions.[30]
In November 2020, the Guacolda plant transferred control of its network of 11 air quality monitoring stations to Chile's Ministry of the Environment. The move was intended to increase public confidence in data reported from these stations.[31]
In May 2023, it was reported that the Guacolda power plant had been found responsible for the deaths of over 100 birds whose species is endangered, as well as the deaths of individuals from several other marine species.[32] The Chilean Superintendence of the Environment (SMA) ordered the plant operators to immediately enact control measures to reduce future damage to local biodiversity, or face "a fine of up to 10,000 Annual Tax Units (UTA) or the closure of the establishment." [32]
In August 2023, the power station faced eight charges for instances of environmental noncompliance which were reportedly responsible for the mass deaths of members of several marine and avian species.[33][34] In October 2025, the SMA approved a Compliance Program submitted by Guacolda Energía SpA in response to the eight charges. As of May 2026, the sanctioning proceedings remained open with the compliance program under execution; no sanctions had been imposed.[35]
In February 2025, the SMA ordered five urgent and transitional measures against Guacolda Energía SpA following the discovery of a dead chungungo (classified as endangered) inside one of the plant's seawater intake wells. The SMA noted the presence of epifauna in the well as a likely attractant for the species. The measures required the company to update and submit a contingency plan within seven business days to prevent the entry and death of marine animals in the plant's intake systems, with full implementation within 90 business days.[36]
Ownership
As of March 2014, the plant was jointly owned by Chilean generator AES Gener (part of US-based AES Corp.) and the international investment fund Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).[37][38]
In 2020, WEG Group purchased GIP's 50% stake in the Guacolda power station.[39] In February 2021, AES announced it would also be selling its shares of the coal plant to WEG Group.[40]
However, WEG Group sold its ownership in the Guacolda power station's sponsor, El Aguila Energy SpA, to the firm Capital Advisors.[41][42] AES then finalized a deal to sell its 50% stake in the power station to Capital Advisors in July 2021 as well, for a total price of US$34 million. These transactions leave Capital Advisors with 100% ownership of El Aguila Energy SpA and the Guacolda power station.[43][44][41][45]
Opposition
In January 2010, the Health Service and the Agricultural and Livestock Service in Chile “requested that Huasco be declared a Latent Zone for Contamination” against the plans to build the Guacolda power station. They wanted to protect the health and environment of the people of Huasco. However, the Supreme Court permitted the construction of the Guacolda power station. Protestors and residents of Huasco disagree “because [their decision] was determined due to the needs of the mining industry. As a result, on January 18, 2014, residents of Huasco protested on the streets against the construction of the Guacolda power station. The plant was planned to be “the largest in the country” of Chile. Environmental groups said the construction of the power plant would result in the residents of Huasco “being sentenced to death.”[46][47]
In 2017, environmental groups, such as the Freirina Assembly and the SOS Huasco Group, challenged the continued construction of the Huasco power plants. Though there was a “Atmospheric Prevention Plan” that outlined proposals for reducing the environmental damage of the Huasco power plants, leaders from the Freirina Assembly and SOS Huasco identified how “the plan does not [have] immediate measures” for a “serious situation [where] serious health problems exist.” The plan is also based on 2013 measurements of the plants and environment, which the environmental groups believe are outdated.[48]
On October 30, 2018, a special report in Chile called “Quintero Plan that did not work” was broadcasted to denounce the “environmental scam” of the proposed plans to mitigate harmful effects from the Huasco power plants. The report cites how “the population [of Huasco] has been exposed for more than 40 years to heavy metals and chemo toxic gases,” yet the only things they have received from the government are “lies, cancer, and death.”[49]
At the end of March 2019, the NGO Fima “presented a protection appeal against the Guacolda plant.” The appeal was specifically against units 1 and 2, which came into operation in 1995. Since the plants were built in 1995, the NGO Fima believes that these Guacolda plants are not following standards of the Environmetnal Qualification Resolution in Chile (RCA). They also cite how Huasco has been declared “a latency zone due to high levels of atmospheric pollution” emitted from the nearby coal plants.[50]
On January 19, 2020, a study conducted by the Department of Public Health of the Catholic University concluded that “53% of women [in Huasco] had high concentrations of mercury in their body at dangerous levels.” With higher risks for cerebrovascular diseases, language learning disabilities, and pollution of the seawater, environmental groups are accusing the company in charge of the Huasco power plants, AES Gener. AES Gener has denied responsibility for the health of Huasco residents.[51]
On March 12, 2020, the Huasco community demanded the closure of Guacolda 1 and 2 plants by 2022 and 2023. The demands are a result of the Huasco community being “exposed to high levels of pollution for another 20 years and suffering serious health impacts.” The leader of the Huasco community against the Guacolda plants, Doris Zamorano, stresses that “we need to stop getting sick!” The final decision on the closures is dependent on the Ministry of Energy.[52]
In April 2022, the Huasco citizens group Consejo para la Recuperación Ambiental y Social de Huasco filed a case before the Appeals Court of Copiapó, calling for the urgent closure of units 1 and 2 to mitigate the Guacolda plant's adverse impacts on health and the environment.[53]
Financing for Unit 5
In April 2013, a financing agreement for unit 5 was closed. US$318 million in loans was provided by Itau-Unibanco and BancoEstado.[54]
Financial Outlook beyond 2025
In April 2022, Fitch Ratings downgraded Guacolda Energia SpA's ratings due to the company's uncertain financial outlook beyond 2025. Fitch noted Capital Advisors' "ambiguous business and refinancing strategy for the company's notes due 2025," and stated that given its status as a coal-fired power plant in Chile, Guacolda "will not easily access funding to refinance its bond."[55] The ratings were withdrawn following the downgrade.
Articles and Resources
References
- ↑ https://maps.app.goo.gl/USkKwYyowbAruFe4A.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 (PDF) https://guacoldaenergia.cl/en/memoria2024.pdf.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 https://guacoldaenergia.cl/en/empresa.html.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20230616022448/https://chilesustentable.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Minuta-Anuncios-Descarbonizacion-04062019_CHS.pdf.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 (PDF) https://energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/plan_de_descarbonizacion_vf.pdf.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 "GUACOLDA 2015 RESULTS (p 15)" (PDF). AES Gener. December 31, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Central termoeléctrica Guacolda,", Wikipedia, accessed March 26, 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Plan de Descarbonización y Retiro de Centrales Termoeléctricas a Carbón en Chile, Anuncio del gobierno de Sebastián Piñera" (PDF). Chile Sustentable. June 4, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Resolución de Calificación Ambiental: Unidad 5 Central Térmica Guacolda S.A." (PDF). República de Chile: Comisión Regional del Medio Ambiente. August 18, 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "MHI Receives Full-turnkey Order to Build Coal-fired Power Plant in Chile - Fifth Plant Ordered by Empresa Eléctrica Guacolda," Mitsubishi Heavy Industries press release, Nov. 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Empresa austriaca moderniza planta energética Guacolda de Huasco". La Nación. September 5, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Proyecto de co-combustión de amoníaco verde". Guacolda Energía. Retrieved 2026-01-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ MHI Signs MoU with Chile’s Guacolda Energía for Feasibility Study of Ammonia Co-Firing at a Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, December 7, 2022
- ↑ "Guacolda Energía avanza con su proyecto de co-combustión de amoníaco verde". /www.soychile.cl. June 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Borrador para Consulta Pública: Plan de Descarbonización, Ministerio de Energia, November 2024
- ↑ "Coalición Chao Carbón alerta sobre la falta de ambición, metas y acciones concretas en el nuevo Plan de Descarbonización". Ladera Sur. 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2026-01-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "La verdad sobre quemar carbón con amoníaco". Chile Sustentable • YouTube. 2025-05-15. Retrieved 2026-01-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Comentarios al Anteproyecto Norma de Emisión para Centrales Termoeléctricas presentado en la 8va sesión del Comité Operativo Ampliado" (PDF). Chile Sustentable. 2025-02-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Estimated Emissions from Coal-Ammonia Co-Firing at Guacolda Energía Power Plants in Huasco" (PDF). Chile Sustentable. 2024-12-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "El "traje a la medida" con el que la termoeléctrica Guacolda quiere seguir operando más allá de 2040". El Clip / Climate Tracker América Latina. May 14, 2026. Retrieved May 2026.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Carta Guacolda Energía al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente" (PDF). Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Planes y Normas. September 2024. Retrieved May 2026.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "El "traje a la medida" con el que la termoeléctrica Guacolda quiere seguir operando más allá de 2040". El Clip / Climate Tracker América Latina. May 14, 2026. Retrieved May 2026.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Plan de Descarbonización: Segundo Tiempo de la Transición Energética (p 10)" (PDF). Ministerio de Energía. 2025-10-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "2019 Annual Report (page 23)" (PDF). AES Gener. March 1, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "3Q-2020 Earnings Report" (PDF). Guacolda Energía SA. December 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ El Águila Energy II to acquire AES Andes’s stake in Guacolda, AES Andes, May 15, 2024
- ↑ En tierra de nadie. Pasivos socioambientales tras el cierre de termoeléctricas a carbón, Ciper Chile, May 22, 2024
- ↑ "Boom and Bust Coal 2025 (p 84)" (PDF). Global Energy Monitor. 2025-04-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "El "traje a la medida" con el que la termoeléctrica Guacolda quiere seguir operando más allá de 2040". El Clip / Climate Tracker América Latina. May 14, 2026. Retrieved May 2026.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Comunidades rechazan nuevo plan ambiental para Huasco," UChile, September 19, 2017
- ↑ "Termoeléctrica Guacolda traspasa al Estado red de monitoreo de calidad del aire". Induambiente. November 27, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Huasco: SMA ordena medidas a Termoeléctrica Guacolda por daños a especies marinas". Induambiente. May 22, 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ TERMOELÉCTRICA GUACOLDA ARRIESGA MULTA POR $15 MIL MILLONES POR DAÑOS A ESPECIES MARINAS/ DECLARACIÓN PUBLICA DE LA EMPRESA, Tierramarillano Chile, August 3, 2023
- ↑ Huasco: SMA formula 8 cargos a la Termoeléctrica Guacolda por afectación a especies marinas y por incumplimientos a la normativa de RILes, Portal SMA, July 31, 2023
- ↑ "Expediente F-032-2023: Guacolda". Sistema Nacional de Información de Fiscalización Ambiental (SNIFA), Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente. Retrieved May 2026.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "SMA ordena medidas a termoeléctrica Guacolda tras muerte de chungungo en pozo de aducción". Diario Financiero. February 19, 2025.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Chile AES Gener brings in fund as partner on Guacolda power plant". Reuters. March 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Fitch: AES Gener Gains Control of Guacolda; Neutral to Ratings," Business Wire, March 31, 2014.
- ↑ AES Gener is diverting its largest coal asset in the country, NewsBeezer, Feb. 24, 2021
- ↑ Morais, Lucas (February 24, 2021). "AES Gener exiting coal-fired plant in Chile". Renewables Now.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Investors: Guacolda Energía SpA, as of July 2021, is 100% owned by Capital Advisors, through El Águila Energy II SpA". Guacolda Energy. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
- ↑ "Guacolda: Lo que hay detrás del mayor complejo carbonero de Chile". ChileSustentable. July 19, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Carmen Arroyo Nieto, AES closes sale of Chilean coal-fired plant, IJGlobal, July 22, 2021
- ↑ AES Andes completes the sale process of its stake in Guacolda after approval by the FNE, NewsWep, July 20, 2021
- ↑ "GUACOLDA 2015 RESULTS (p 15)" (PDF). AES Gener. December 31, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Huasco residents are outraged by the construction of a thermoelectric plant," OLCA, translated by Google, 18 Jan. 2014
- ↑ "Fifth expansion of Termoelectrica Guacolda approved," OLCA Communications, translated by Google, 4 Aug. 2010
- ↑ "Communities reject new environmental plan for Huasco province," Futuro Renovable, translated by Google, 22 Sep. 2017
- ↑ "Organizations once again denounce 'environmental scam' of the so-called Prevention Plan of the Huasco commune," OLCA, translated by Google, 7 Nov. 2018
- ↑ "Huasco community goes to court for Guacolda thermoelectric plant," Fundación Terram, translated by Google, 29 Mar. 2019
- ↑ "Huasco, children of pollution: Children have learning problems and detect mercury in women," OLCA, translated by Google, 20 Jan. 2020
- ↑ "The Huasco community requires AES Gener and the Ministry of Energy to close the Guacolda 1 and 2 thermoelectric plants in 2022 and 2023," OLCA, translated by Google, 19 May. 2020
- ↑ "Vecinos de Huasco acuden a la Justicia por el cierre definitivo de las termoeléctricas Guacolda 1 y 2". Chile Sustentable. April 8, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Preview of Coal Fired Guacolda Unit 5 Financing (158MW) | Transaction | IJGlobal". ijglobal.com. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
- ↑ "Fitch Downgrades and Withdraws Guacolda's Ratings". Fitch Ratings. April 20, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Additional data
To access additional data, including an interactive map of coal-fired power stations, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.
