Buffalo Creek Flood
The Buffalo Creek Flood was an incident that occurred on February 26, 1972, when the Pittston Coal Company's coal slurry impoundment dam #3, located on a hillside in Logan County, West Virginia, burst four days after having been declared 'satisfactory' by a federal mine inspector.[1]
The resulting flood unleashed approximately 132 million gallons (500,000,000 L) of black waste water, cresting over 30ft high, upon the residents of 16 coal mining hamlets in Buffalo Creek Hollow. Out of a population of 5,000 people, 125 were killed, 1,121 were injured, and over 4,000 were left homeless. 507 houses were destroyed, in addition to forty-four mobile homes and 30 businesses.[1] The disaster also destroyed or damaged homes in Lundale, Saunders, Amherstdale, Crites, Latrobe and Larado. In its legal filings, Pittston Coal referred to the accident as "an Act of God."
Dam #3, constructed of coarse mining refuse dumped into the Middle Fork of Buffalo Creek starting in 1968, failed first, following heavy rains. The water from Dam #3 then overwhelmed Dams #2 and #1. Dam #3 had been built on top of coal slurry sediment that had collected behind dams # 1 and #2, instead of on solid bedrock. Dam #3 was approximately 260 feet above the town of Saunders when it failed.
Investigation
Two commissions investigated the disaster. One, the Governor's Ad Hoc Commission of Inquiry, appointed by Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr., was made up entirely of members sympathetic to the coal industry or government officials whose departments might be complicit in the genesis of the flood. After Arnold Miller, then president of the United Mine Workers, and others were rebuffed by Gov. Moore regarding their request that a coal miner be added to the commission, a citizen's commission assembled to provide an independent review of the disaster. The Governor's Commission of Inquiry report [1] called for legislation and further inquiry by the local prosecutor. The report[2] by the Citizen's Commission concluded the Buffalo Creek-Pittston Coal Company was guilty of murdering at least 124 men, women and children.
Results
Dennis Prince and some 625 survivors of the flood sued the Pittston Coal Company, seeking $64 million in damages (adjusted for inflation, this equates to over $275 million in 2008 dollars). They settled in June 1974 for $13.5 million, or approximately $13,000 for each individual after legal costs (64 million in 2008 dollars). A second suit was filed by 348 child survivors, who sought $225 million; they settled for $4.8 million in June 1974.
The state of West Virginia also sued the company for $100 million for disaster and relief damages, but Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr. settled for just $1 million, three days before leaving office in 1977. The lawyers for the plaintiffs, Arnold & Porter of Washington, D.C., donated a portion of their legal fees for the construction of a new community center. West Virginia has yet to build the center, though it was promised by Governor Moore in May 1972.
Gerald M. Stern, an attorney with Arnold & Porter, wrote a book entitled The Buffalo Creek Disaster about representing the victims of the flood. It includes descriptions of his experiences dealing with the political and legal environment of West Virginia, where the influence of large coal mining corporations was intensely significant to the local culture and communities. Sociologist Kai T. Erikson, son of distinguished psychologist and sociologist Erik Erikson, was called as an expert witness and published a study on the effects of the disaster entitled Everything In Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (1978). Erikson's book later won the Sorokin Award, granted by the American Sociological Association for an "outstanding contribution to the progress of sociology."
Simpson-Housley and De Man (1989) found that, 17 years later, the residents of Buffalo Creek scored higher on a measure of trait anxiety in comparison to the residents of Kopperston, a nearby mining town that did not experience the flood.
The Buffalo Creek disaster followed a similar coal waste impoundment failure in Aberfan, Wales on Oct 21, 1966, one that killed 144 people, including 116 schoolchildren between the ages of seven and ten. In October, 2000, a 2.2 billion gallon coal waste dam in Martin County, Kentucky, operated by Massey Energy of Richmond, Virginia, failed and sent an estimated 306 million gallons of coal waste into an abandoned underground mine beneath the impoundment. The mine waste or coal slurry flowed into Wolf Creek and Coldwater Creek, and eventually into the Big Sandy River.
See also
- 2006 Aracoma Alma Mine disaster
- Coal slurry impoundment
- Martin County Sludge Spill
- Sludge
- The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man
References
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Modern Marvels: Engineering Disasters of the 70s. The History Channel.
Bibliography
- Kai T. Erikson, Everything In Its Path ISBN 0-671-24067-6
- Gerald M. Stern, The Buffalo Creek Disaster ISBN 0-394-72343-0
- Buffalo Creek - Valley of Death - Oral history by Carlene Mowrey
External links
- "Buffalo Creek Disaster". West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Retrieved April 27 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man". Appalshop.org. Retrieved April 27 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Voices of Buffalo Creek". Charleston Gazette. Retrieved April 27 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Buffalo Creek Flood". Marshall University Special Collections. Retrieved April 27 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Buffalo Creek Flood". West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Retrieved October 28 2007.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Survivor recounts Buffalo Creek disaster". West Virginia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dateformat=ignored (help) - "Guide to the Council of Southern Mountains Records includes documents pertaining to Buffalo Creek interviews, articles, activism". Berea College Special Collections and Archives. Retrieved August 3 2009.
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Related GEM.wiki articles
- West Virginia and coal
- Profiles of other states (or click on the map)
Wikipedia also has an article on Buffalo Creek Flood. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the GFDL.
