Estimating carbon dioxide emissions from gas plants

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The following factors are used to estimate the CO2 emissions from gas-fired power plants:

  • Plant capacity
  • Plant capacity factor
  • Lifecycle emissions factor for a gas-fired power plant
  • Lifetime of a gas plant

Formula

The CO2 emissions from a gas plant can be calculated with the following formula:

Annual CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes/year) = capacity (MW) * capacity factor (%) * lifecycle emissions factor (t CO2/kWh) * 1e6 g/1 t * 1 GW/1000 MW * 8760 hours/year * 1e6 kWh/1 GWh

The total lifetime CO2 emissions from a gas plant can be calculated with the following formula:

Lifetime CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes) = Annual CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes/year) * lifetime of gas plant

Capacity Factor

"Capacity factor" or "load factor," is a measure of the amount of power that a plant produces compared with the amount it would produce if operated at its rated capacity nonstop. A capacity factor of 100% means that a plant is run at its maximum capacity for every hour of the year. Actual capacity factors are lower than 100% because of routine maintenance, fuel availability problems, and variations in demand.

Capacity factor can be calculated as follows:

Capacity Factor (%) = [Generation (GWh) * 1 year/8760 h] / Capacity (GW)

For the Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, a country/area-level (or in some cases, regional) capacity factor is used in calculating the CO2 emissions.

The latest gas power generation published by Ember is used for the capacity factor calculation. In some cases, generation data reported is not available for the latest year. For example, for countries where 2021 data is unavailable, 2020 gas power generation is used. Operating capacity at the country/area-level is taken from GEM's latest available Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker.

Regional Capacity Factor

Regional capacity factors are shown in Table 1 below with the following inputs:


Table 1: Regional Capacity Factors Calculated for Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker

Region Sub-region GEM Operating Capacity (MW) Ember Power Generation (TWh) Weighted Average Capacity Factor (%)
Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 27,391 106 44.0%
Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 139,232 567 46.5%
Americas Northern America 589,661 1,950 37.7%
Asia Central Asia 26,522 131 56.6%
Asia Eastern Asia 343,707 1,073 35.6%
Asia South-eastern Asia 115,729 388 38.3%
Asia Southern Asia 145,665 578 45.3%
Asia Western Asia 305,203 1,111 41.6%
Europe Eastern Europe 140,263 638 51.9%
Europe Northern Europe 51,448 144 31.9%
Europe Southern Europe 95,249 249 29.8%
Europe Western Europe 70,783 224 36.1%
Oceania Australia and New Zealand 18,434 56 35.0%
Oceania Melanesia 311 5
Oceania Micronesia 0 0
Total Total 2,169,180 7,578 39.9%

As a comparison, the International Energy Agency (IEA) in their 2021 World Energy Outlook (Table A.3a) reports:

Global gas power production 6,257 TWh
Global gas power capacity 1,822 GW
Global capacity factor 39.20%

Country/Area Level Capacity Factor

Country/area level capacity factors are shown in Table 2 below with the following inputs:

  • GEM's August 2025 Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker data
  • Ember's yearly electricity data release (downloaded August 2025 version)
  • In cases where country/area level capacity factors were inaccurate (ie: greater than 100% or large variation between regional and country/area level capacity factor) the regional capacity factor was assumed for the CO2 emissions calculation.


Table 2: Country/area-level Capacity Factors Calculated for Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker

Country/Area Region Sub-region GEM Operating Capacity (MW) Ember 2020 Generation (TWh) Ember 2021 Generation (TWh) Ember 2022 Generation (TWh) Ember 2023 Generation (TWh) Ember Generation data used (TWh) Ember Generation data year Country/Area Capacity factor (%) Regional Capacity factor (%) Country/Area or regional level? Capacity factor to use
Afghanistan Asia Southern Asia 200 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2023 5.7% 45.3% regional 45.3%
Albania Europe Southern Europe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Algeria Africa Northern Africa 24178.6 78.49 84.79 90.61 95.39 95.39 2023 45.0% 41.0% Country/Area 45.0%
Angola Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 929 4.1 4.14 4.23 4.23 4.23 2023 52.0% 44.0% Country/Area 52.0%
Argentina Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 22862.2 96.37 103.56 93.53 86.12 86.12 2023 43.0% 46.5% Country/Area 43.0%
Armenia Asia Western Asia 1127 3.17 3.38 3.88 3.72 3.72 2023 37.7% 41.6% Country/Area 37.7%
Aruba Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 102 0.82 0.83 0.83 0 0.83 2022 92.9% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Australia Oceania Australia and New Zealand 17010.9 57.94 52.78 56.27 52.43 52.43 2023 35.2% 35.0% Country/Area 35.2%
Austria Europe Western Europe 4826 13.06 13.93 14.09 10.82 10.82 2023 25.6% 36.1% Country/Area 25.6%
Azerbaijan Asia Western Asia 5860.9 24.43 26.27 27.1 27.19 27.19 2023 53.0% 41.6% Country/Area 53.0%
Bahamas Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 246.3 2.02 2.03 2.03 0 2.03 2022 94.1% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Bahrain Asia Western Asia 9281.9 33.36 33.87 35.6 36.08 36.08 2023 44.4% 41.6% Country/Area 44.4%
Bangladesh Asia Southern Asia 20361.6 81.06 89 95 93.75 93.75 2023 52.6% 45.3% Country/Area 52.6%
Barbados Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 110 0.99 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.01 2023 104.8% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Belarus Europe Eastern Europe 9220.2 36.82 34.17 31.21 30.48 30.48 2023 37.7% 51.9% Country/Area 37.7%
Belgium Europe Western Europe 5364 30.41 26.32 26.02 21.78 21.78 2023 46.4% 36.1% Country/Area 46.4%
Benin Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 127.4 0.98 1.11 0.97 0.97 0.97 2023 86.9% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Bermuda Americas Northern America 114 0.58 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.63 2023 63.1% 37.7% regional 37.7%
Bolivia Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 2053.2 6.61 6.69 7.5 7.76 7.76 2023 43.1% 46.5% Country/Area 43.1%
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Southern Europe 0 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.2 0 0.0% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Botswana Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 70 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.1 2023 16.3% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Brazil Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 23172 74.04 109.59 54.31 50.12 50.12 2023 24.7% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Brunei Asia South-eastern Asia 212 4.51 4.46 4.39 4.38 4.38 2023 235.8% 38.3% regional 38.3%
Bulgaria Europe Eastern Europe 761 2.53 3.33 2.4 2.14 2.14 2023 32.1% 51.9% regional 51.9%
Burkina Faso Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 165.9 1.29 1.4 1.43 1.43 1.43 2023 98.4% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Cambodia Asia South-eastern Asia 800.5 0.4 0.5 0.31 0.05 0.05 2023 0.7% 38.3% regional 38.3%
Cameroon Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 364 3.51 3.12 2.86 3.01 3.01 2023 94.4% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Canada Americas Northern America 28906.5 82.55 90.2 98.49 109.77 109.77 2023 43.3% 37.7% Country/Area 43.3%
Cayman Islands Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 114 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 2023 68.1% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Central African Republic Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 50 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Chad Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 60 0.33 0.41 0.37 0 0.37 2022 70.4% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Chile Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 7039.8 17.02 18.96 19.15 16.05 16.05 2023 26.0% 46.5% regional 46.5%
China Asia Eastern Asia 165451.44 305.97 344.16 345.55 374.77 374.77 2023 25.9% 35.6% Country/Area 25.9%
Colombia Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 4307 17.84 16.59 16.24 19.44 19.44 2023 51.5% 46.5% Country/Area 51.5%
Costa Rica Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 202.4 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 2023 0.6% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Croatia Europe Southern Europe 1420.8 3.46 3.12 3.59 3.88 3.88 2023 31.2% 29.8% Country/Area 31.2%
Cuba Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 2181 18.13 17.04 14.98 14.57 14.57 2023 76.3% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Cyprus Asia Western Asia 1853 4.25 4.34 4.38 4.24 4.24 2023 26.1% 41.6% regional 41.6%
Czech Republic Europe Eastern Europe 1719 8.72 8.11 5.06 4.31 4.31 2023 28.6% 51.9% regional 51.9%
Côte d'Ivoire Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 1279 7.82 8.64 9.16 7.67 7.67 2023 68.5% 44.0% regional 44.0%
DR Congo Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Denmark Europe Northern Europe 1203.2 2.07 2.45 2.05 1.85 1.85 2023 17.6% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Djibouti Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 108 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 2023 13.7% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Dominican Republic Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 2993.1 10.37 11.86 10.92 12.6 12.6 2023 48.1% 46.5% Country/Area 48.1%
Ecuador Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 1553.92 6.37 6.04 7.93 7.93 7.93 2023 58.3% 46.5% Country/Area 58.3%
Egypt Africa Northern Africa 52324.5 174.84 184.3 191.11 195.95 195.95 2023 42.7% 41.0% Country/Area 42.7%
El Salvador Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 929.5 0.98 0.99 0.61 0.61 0.61 2023 7.5% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Equatorial Guinea Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 154 0.92 0.96 1.03 1.08 1.08 2023 80.1% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Eritrea Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 88 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.39 2023 50.6% 44.0% Country/Area 50.6%
Estonia Europe Northern Europe 458.1 3.11 4.32 6.08 2.94 2.94 2023 73.3% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Eswatini Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Ethiopia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Finland Europe Northern Europe 2774 7.58 7.66 4.73 3.35 3.35 2023 13.8% 31.9% regional 31.9%
France Europe Western Europe 11694.7 45.3 43.4 56.19 40.4 40.4 2023 39.4% 36.1% Country/Area 39.4%
Gabon Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 496 1.5 1.58 1.66 1.66 1.66 2023 38.2% 44.0% Country/Area 38.2%
Georgia Asia Western Asia 1168.2 2.82 2.38 3.39 3.45 3.45 2023 33.7% 41.6% Country/Area 33.7%
Germany Europe Western Europe 33813.71 116.28 112.55 100.7 98.75 98.75 2023 33.3% 36.1% Country/Area 33.3%
Ghana Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 3629 12.36 14.4 14.85 14.93 14.93 2023 47.0% 44.0% Country/Area 47.0%
Greece Europe Southern Europe 7525.6 23.35 26.79 23.46 19.96 19.96 2023 30.3% 29.8% Country/Area 30.3%
Guadeloupe Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 211.2 1.01 0.87 0.85 0 0.85 2022 45.9% 46.5% Country/Area 45.9%
Guam Oceania Micronesia 0 1.63 1.66 1.66 0 0 0.0% Country/Area 0.0%
Guatemala Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 356 0.39 0.76 0.8 1.06 1.06 2023 34.0% 46.5% Country/Area 34.0%
Guinea Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 104 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.02 1.02 2023 112.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Guyana Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 72 1.11 1.1 1.25 1.25 1.25 2023 198.2% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Honduras Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 1109.8 4.55 4.23 4.5 4.5 4.5 2023 46.3% 46.5% Country/Area 46.3%
Hong Kong Asia Eastern Asia 6095.5 22.03 22.46 23.04 24.01 24.01 2023 45.0% 35.6% Country/Area 45.0%
Hungary Europe Eastern Europe 3024.5 9.63 10.19 9.32 7.75 7.75 2023 29.3% 51.9% regional 51.9%
India Asia Southern Asia 28201.7 77.88 63.79 49.65 54.65 54.65 2023 22.1% 45.3% regional 45.3%
Indonesia Asia South-eastern Asia 24954 58.06 63.2 62.82 68.62 68.62 2023 31.4% 38.3% Country/Area 31.4%
Iran Asia Southern Asia 75283.1 305.15 336.54 344.01 349.94 349.94 2023 53.1% 45.3% Country/Area 53.1%
Iraq Asia Western Asia 44670.3 112.58 116.73 130.83 148.53 148.53 2023 38.0% 41.6% Country/Area 38.0%
Ireland Europe Northern Europe 5090.4 17.84 17.26 18.17 16.05 16.05 2023 36.0% 31.9% Country/Area 36.0%
Isle of Man Europe Northern Europe 87 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Israel Asia Western Asia 13738 48.95 51.33 51.84 53.46 53.46 2023 44.4% 41.6% Country/Area 44.4%
Italy Europe Southern Europe 48785 146.53 155.14 157.1 131.81 131.81 2023 30.8% 29.8% Country/Area 30.8%
Jamaica Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 713.8 3.69 3.77 3.91 0 3.91 2022 62.5% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Japan Asia Eastern Asia 97229.2 434.75 417.05 424.62 379.48 379.48 2023 44.6% 35.6% Country/Area 44.6%
Jordan Asia Western Asia 4522.8 16.78 16.45 17.35 0 17.35 2022 43.8% 41.6% Country/Area 43.8%
Kazakhstan Asia Central Asia 4837 23.15 28.69 29.64 33.88 33.88 2023 80.0% 56.6% regional 56.6%
Kenya Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 565.1 0.75 1.26 1.58 1.3 1.3 2023 26.3% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Kosovo Europe Southern Europe 0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0 0.0% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Kuwait Asia Western Asia 19509.5 74.55 80.59 83.39 83.66 83.66 2023 49.0% 41.6% Country/Area 49.0%
Kyrgyzstan Asia Central Asia 0 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.17 0 0.0% 56.6% regional 56.6%
Latvia Europe Northern Europe 1087 2.08 2.13 1.21 1.42 1.42 2023 14.9% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Lebanon Asia Western Asia 2684 17.02 9.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 2023 10.1% 41.6% regional 41.6%
Liberia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.32 0.25 0.26 0.26 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Libya Africa Northern Africa 14267 29.49 34.78 35.1 35.1 35.1 2023 28.1% 41.0% regional 41.0%
Lithuania Europe Northern Europe 1148 2.13 1.68 1.02 0.86 0.86 2023 8.6% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Macao Asia Eastern Asia 407.2 0.37 0.29 0.29 0 0.29 2022 8.1% 35.6% regional 35.6%
Madagascar Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 171 1.07 1.22 1.2 0 1.2 2022 80.1% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Malaysia Asia South-eastern Asia 18248 54.54 62.1 70.09 70.42 70.42 2023 44.1% 38.3% Country/Area 44.1%
Maldives Asia Southern Asia 50 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 2023 180.4% 45.3% regional 45.3%
Mali Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 254 2.33 2.4 2.48 2.5 2.5 2023 112.4% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Malta Europe Southern Europe 547.8 1.9 1.95 2 2.03 2.03 2023 42.3% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Martinique Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 279.6 1.16 1.13 1.1 0 1.1 2022 44.9% 46.5% Country/Area 44.9%
Mauritania Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 420 1.16 1.13 1.19 0 1.19 2022 32.3% 44.0% Country/Area 32.3%
Mauritius Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 1.06 1.1 1.53 1.6 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Mexico Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 51883.3 229.88 227.2 235.79 254.5 254.5 2023 56.0% 46.5% Country/Area 56.0%
Moldova Europe Eastern Europe 1168 5.82 6.22 4.82 4.44 4.44 2023 43.4% 51.9% Country/Area 43.4%
Montenegro Europe Southern Europe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Morocco Africa Northern Africa 1901 4.15 4.84 4.88 6.09 6.09 2023 36.6% 41.0% Country/Area 36.6%
Mozambique Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 657.6 3.14 3.21 3.19 3.19 3.19 2023 55.4% 44.0% Country/Area 55.4%
Myanmar Asia South-eastern Asia 2040.7 7.18 8 11.58 13.71 13.71 2023 76.7% 38.3% regional 38.3%
Namibia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.01 0 0 0.01 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Netherlands Europe Western Europe 14985.5 77.52 62.02 52.9 50.28 50.28 2023 38.3% 36.1% Country/Area 38.3%
New Caledonia Oceania Melanesia 253 1.2 1.12 1.14 0 1.14 2022 51.4% 174.4% regional 174.4%
New Zealand Oceania Australia and New Zealand 1423 6.57 5.36 4.93 4.04 4.04 2023 32.4% 35.0% Country/Area 32.4%
Nicaragua Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 448 1.14 1.3 1.55 1.55 1.55 2023 39.5% 46.5% Country/Area 39.5%
Niger Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 189 0.44 0.5 0.59 0.6 0.6 2023 36.2% 44.0% Country/Area 36.2%
Nigeria Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 11008 30.19 31.1 28.61 32.78 32.78 2023 34.0% 44.0% Country/Area 34.0%
North Macedonia Europe Southern Europe 418 1.23 1.69 1.56 1.91 1.91 2023 52.2% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Norway Europe Northern Europe 523 2.25 1.03 1.93 2.32 2.32 2023 50.6% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Oman Asia Western Asia 13625.3 38.33 41.02 42.45 43.19 43.19 2023 36.2% 41.6% Country/Area 36.2%
Pakistan Asia Southern Asia 20392.7 66.67 75.79 75.65 75.65 75.65 2023 42.3% 45.3% Country/Area 42.3%
Palestine Asia Western Asia 140 0.66 0.69 0.68 0 0.68 2022 55.4% 41.6% regional 41.6%
Panama Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 1291 2.05 2.12 2.29 4.46 4.46 2023 39.4% 46.5% Country/Area 39.4%
Papua New Guinea Oceania Melanesia 58 2.98 3.41 3.62 3.61 3.61 2023 710.5% 174.4% regional 174.4%
Peru Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 7122.4 19.21 21.76 26.64 29.11 29.11 2023 46.7% 46.5% Country/Area 46.7%
Philippines Asia South-eastern Asia 6821.8 21.97 20.3 20.4 18.23 18.23 2023 30.5% 38.3% Country/Area 30.5%
Poland Europe Eastern Europe 4951.5 21.52 20.66 16.18 20.81 20.81 2023 48.0% 51.9% Country/Area 48.0%
Portugal Europe Southern Europe 4651.5 18.92 16.88 18.72 11.78 11.78 2023 28.9% 29.8% Country/Area 28.9%
Puerto Rico Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 1742 15.25 15.28 15.59 15.59 15.59 2023 102.2% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Qatar Asia Western Asia 12577.5 49.26 51.64 54.03 55 55 2023 49.9% 41.6% Country/Area 49.9%
Republic of the Congo Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 534 2.93 3.03 3.87 4.1 4.1 2023 87.6% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Romania Europe Eastern Europe 3149.8 9.77 10.25 9.66 9.34 9.34 2023 33.9% 51.9% regional 51.9%
Russia Europe Eastern Europe 112213.6 478.3 527.3 546.17 547.71 547.71 2023 55.7% 51.9% Country/Area 55.7%
Rwanda Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 56 0.3 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.41 2023 83.6% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Réunion Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 219.6 0.95 1.29 1.29 0 1.29 2022 67.1% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Saudi Arabia Asia Western Asia 97655.4 379.98 391.95 407.83 424.53 424.53 2023 49.6% 41.6% Country/Area 49.6%
Senegal Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 713.5 4.89 4.91 5.28 5.83 5.83 2023 93.3% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Serbia Europe Southern Europe 594 0.56 1.14 1.53 2.04 2.04 2023 39.2% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Seychelles Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 58 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.54 2023 106.3% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Sierra Leone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 162 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 2023 0.7% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Singapore Asia South-eastern Asia 14044 51.05 53.5 54.02 54.15 54.15 2023 44.0% 38.3% Country/Area 44.0%
Slovakia Europe Eastern Europe 1076 4.36 5.5 3.18 3.27 3.27 2023 34.7% 51.9% regional 51.9%
Slovenia Europe Southern Europe 535 0.6 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.51 2023 10.9% 29.8% regional 29.8%
Somalia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 65 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 2023 59.7% 44.0% regional 44.0%
South Africa Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 3705.3 1.49 3.27 3.68 3.68 3.68 2023 11.3% 44.0% regional 44.0%
South Korea Asia Eastern Asia 51357.4 168.56 188.33 181.83 176.59 176.59 2023 39.3% 35.6% Country/Area 39.3%
South Sudan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 85 0.55 0.56 0.5 0.55 0.55 2023 73.9% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Spain Europe Southern Europe 30771 81.86 83.58 97.79 74.84 74.84 2023 27.8% 29.8% Country/Area 27.8%
Sri Lanka Asia Southern Asia 1175.4 4.27 2.75 3.88 3.23 3.23 2023 31.4% 45.3% regional 45.3%
Sudan Africa Northern Africa 1390.9 6.05 6.61 4.74 5 5 2023 41.0% 41.0% Country/Area 41.0%
Suriname Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 63 1.06 1.08 1.17 1.22 1.22 2023 221.1% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Sweden Europe Northern Europe 2619 2.44 3.06 2.88 2.33 2.33 2023 10.2% 31.9% regional 31.9%
Switzerland Europe Western Europe 98.8 1.87 1.72 1.59 1.84 1.84 2023 212.6% 36.1% regional 36.1%
Syria Asia Western Asia 7384.5 20.23 20.87 19.2 0 19.2 2022 29.7% 41.6% Country/Area 29.7%
Taiwan Asia Eastern Asia 23165.8 106.54 116.03 118.84 117.76 117.76 2023 58.0% 35.6% regional 35.6%
Tajikistan Asia Central Asia 206 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.3 0.3 2023 16.6% 56.6% regional 56.6%
Tanzania Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 445 4.59 5.46 6.7 8.18 8.18 2023 209.8% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Thailand Asia South-eastern Asia 38582.7 114.58 113.83 116.37 130.29 130.29 2023 38.5% 38.3% Country/Area 38.5%
Timor-Leste Asia South-eastern Asia 255 0.5 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 2023 22.8% 38.3% regional 38.3%
Togo Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 165 0.52 0.55 0.72 0.73 0.73 2023 50.5% 44.0% Country/Area 50.5%
Trinidad and Tobago Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 2056.6 9.22 9.26 9.49 9.49 9.49 2023 52.7% 46.5% Country/Area 52.7%
Tunisia Africa Northern Africa 5451 20.71 21.22 20.76 20.45 20.45 2023 42.8% 41.0% Country/Area 42.8%
Turkmenistan Asia Central Asia 7087 25.76 28.39 32.59 33.78 33.78 2023 54.4% 56.6% Country/Area 54.4%
Türkiye Asia Western Asia 26065.3 68.41 107.69 72.59 67.42 67.42 2023 29.5% 41.6% Country/Area 29.5%
Uganda Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 189 0.12 0.13 0.15 0 0.15 2022 9.1% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Ukraine Europe Eastern Europe 2979.1 14.44 11.07 7.71 0 7.71 2022 29.5% 51.9% regional 51.9%
United Arab Emirates Asia Western Asia 41655.1 129.77 129.24 127.57 118.42 118.42 2023 32.5% 41.6% Country/Area 32.5%
United Kingdom Europe Northern Europe 36457.9 120.73 132.52 136.18 112.48 112.48 2023 35.2% 31.9% Country/Area 35.2%
United States Americas Northern America 560640.5 1658.51 1614.39 1725.7 1839.19 1839.19 2023 37.4% 37.7% Country/Area 37.4%
Uruguay Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 1132 0.81 2.46 1.37 1.03 1.03 2023 10.4% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Uzbekistan Asia Central Asia 14391.8 56.32 61.46 62.51 63.5 63.5 2023 50.4% 56.6% Country/Area 50.4%
Venezuela Americas Latin America and the Caribbean 2884.6 17.97 17.22 17.82 17.93 17.93 2023 71.0% 46.5% regional 46.5%
Vietnam Asia South-eastern Asia 9770 36.52 27.1 29.94 28.06 28.06 2023 32.8% 38.3% Country/Area 32.8%
Western Sahara Africa Northern Africa 72 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 41.0% regional 41.0%
Yemen Asia Western Asia 1683.9 2.45 2.42 2.52 2.55 2.55 2023 17.3% 41.6% regional 41.6%
Zambia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 105 0.32 0.12 0 0.01 0.01 2023 1.1% 44.0% regional 44.0%
Zimbabwe Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.0% 44.0% regional 44.0%

Lifecycle emissions factor

The Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker assumes the median lifecycle emissions as reported in the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Annex 3 (2014)[1] of 490 g CO2eq/kWh for a Combined Cycle (CC) gas-fired power plant.

This lifecycle emissions estimate is in line with other reported values, such as:

  • A natural gas combined cycle plant can emit 403–513 g CO2 eq/kWh from a life cycle perspective, 2021 UNECE Report, Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources.[2]
  • A natural gas combined cycle plant has a life cycle emissions range of 410-650 g CO2 eq/kWh.[3]
  • A natural gas combined cycle life cycle emissions range of 306 - 681 g CO2 eq/kWh.[4]
  • A natural gas combustion turbine life cycle emissions range of 487 - 987 g CO2 eq/kWh.[5]
  • A natural gas combined cycle life cycle emissions of 499.1 g CO2 eq/kWh.[6]

Lifetime of Gas Plant

Lifetime CO2 estimates by GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker assume gas plants operate over a 30 year lifetime[7], and 5 years for plants older than 30 years.

Limitations

The following are limitations with the CO2 emissions estimates calculated in GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker:

  • Generation data (from Ember) used to calculate country/area-level capacity factor often lags GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker data, which is updated twice yearly. For example, the latest generation for a country/area may be for 2022, but the operating capacity is taken from GEM's February 2024 data release.
  • Lifecycle emissions factor assumes constant value for all gas plant technologies. An older gas turbine or steam turbine gas plant may have higher lifecycle emissions than a newer combined cycle gas plant.
  • Capacity factor is applied at the country/area level, not asset level. Depending on the use of the gas plant (ie: peaker vs. baseload) the actual capacity factor at the asset level may vary.

Articles and Resources

References

  1. "IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Annex III, Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Retrieved August 25, 2022. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 68 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. "Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2021. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 39 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. "Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 92 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. "The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 64. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.002. ISSN 0360-1285.
  5. "The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 64. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.002. ISSN 0360-1285.
  6. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Generation System" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. "Combined-Cycle Plant Life Assessment" (PDF). Sargent & Lundy.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)