Estimating carbon dioxide emissions from gas plants
From Global Energy Monitor
| Part of the Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, a Global Energy Monitor project. |
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The following factors are used to estimate the CO2 emissions from gas-fired power plants:
- Plant capacity
- Plant capacity factor
- Lifecycle emissions factor for a gas-fired power plant
- Lifetime of a gas plant
Formula
The CO2 emissions from a gas plant can be calculated with the following formula:
Annual CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes/year) = capacity (MW) * capacity factor (%) * lifecycle emissions factor (t CO2/kWh) * 1e6 g/1 t * 1 GW/1000 MW * 8760 hours/year * 1e6 kWh/1 GWh
The total lifetime CO2 emissions from a gas plant can be calculated with the following formula:
Lifetime CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes) = Annual CO2 equivalent emissions (in million tonnes/year) * lifetime of gas plant
Capacity Factor
"Capacity factor" or "load factor," is a measure of the amount of power that a plant produces compared with the amount it would produce if operated at its rated capacity nonstop. A capacity factor of 100% means that a plant is run at its maximum capacity for every hour of the year. Actual capacity factors are lower than 100% because of routine maintenance, fuel availability problems, and variations in demand.
Capacity factor can be calculated as follows:
Capacity Factor (%) = [Generation (GWh) * 1 year/8760 h] / Capacity (GW)
For the Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, a country/area-level (or in some cases, regional) capacity factor is used in calculating the CO2 emissions.
The latest gas power generation published by Ember is used for the capacity factor calculation. In some cases, generation data reported is not available for the latest year. For example, for countries where 2021 data is unavailable, 2020 gas power generation is used. Operating capacity at the country/area-level is taken from GEM's latest available Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker.
Regional Capacity Factor
Regional capacity factors are shown in Table 1 below with the following inputs:
- GEM's August 2026 Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker data
- Ember's yearly electricity data release (downloaded August 2026)
Table 1: Regional Capacity Factors Calculated for Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker
| Region | Sub-region | GEM Operating Capacity (MW) | Ember Power Generation (TWh) | Weighted Average Capacity Factor (%) |
| Africa | Northern Africa | 104,286 | 374 | 41.0% |
| Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 28,131 | 101 | 41.1% |
| Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 144,025 | 565 | 44.8% |
| Americas | Northern America | 600,178 | 1,963 | 37.3% |
| Asia | Central Asia | 28,010 | 136 | 55.4% |
| Asia | Eastern Asia | 372,761 | 1,120 | 34.3% |
| Asia | South-eastern Asia | 114,936 | 383 | 38.0% |
| Asia | Southern Asia | 148,337 | 551 | 42.4% |
| Asia | Western Asia | 310,319 | 1,174 | 43.2% |
| Europe | Eastern Europe | 144,762 | 643 | 50.7% |
| Europe | Northern Europe | 53,739 | 134 | 28.5% |
| Europe | Southern Europe | 96,890 | 251 | 29.6% |
| Europe | Western Europe | 72,637 | 214 | 33.7% |
| Oceania | Australia and New Zealand | 18,379 | 58 | 36.0% |
| Oceania | Melanesia | 312 | 5 | 173.9% |
| Oceania | Micronesia | 198 | 2 | 98.0% |
| Total | Total | 2,237,900 | 7,675 | 39.2% |
As a comparison, the International Energy Agency (IEA) in their 2021 World Energy Outlook (Table A.3a) reports:
| Global gas power production | 6,257 TWh |
| Global gas power capacity | 1,822 GW |
| Global capacity factor | 39.20% |
Country/Area Level Capacity Factor
Country/area level capacity factors are shown in Table 2 below with the following inputs:
- GEM's August 2026 Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker data
- Ember's yearly electricity data release (downloaded August 2026)
- In cases where country/area level capacity factors were inaccurate (ie: greater than 100% or large variation between regional and country/area level capacity factor) the regional capacity factor was assumed for the CO2 emissions calculation.
Table 2: Country/area-level Capacity Factors Calculated for Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker
| Country/Area | Region | Subregion | GEM Operating Capacity (MW) | Ember 2020 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2021 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2022 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2023 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2024 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2025 Generation (TWh) | Ember 2026 Generation (TWh) | Ember Generation data used (TWh) | Ember Generation data year | Country Capacity factor (%) | Regional Capacity factor (%) | Country or regional level? | Capacity factor to use |
| Afghanistan | Asia | Southern Asia | 200 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 2024 | 5.7% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Albania | Europe | Southern Europe | 110.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% | ||
| Algeria | Africa | Northern Africa | 26457.6 | 78.49 | 84.79 | 90.61 | 94.97 | 95.33 | 0 | 0 | 95.33 | 2024 | 41.1% | 41.0% | Country/Area | 41.1% |
| Angola | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 929 | 4.1 | 4.14 | 4.23 | 4.09 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | 4.1 | 2024 | 50.4% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 50.4% |
| Argentina | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 23016.2 | 96.37 | 103.56 | 93.53 | 86.12 | 88.31 | 88.07 | 0 | 88.07 | 2025 | 43.7% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 43.7% |
| Armenia | Asia | Western Asia | 1127 | 3.17 | 3.38 | 3.88 | 3.72 | 3.52 | 3.31 | 0 | 3.31 | 2025 | 33.5% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 33.5% |
| Aruba | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 102 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0 | 0 | 0.83 | 2024 | 92.9% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Australia | Oceania | Australia and New Zealand | 17333.3 | 57.94 | 52.78 | 56.27 | 52.43 | 55.52 | 53.41 | 0 | 53.41 | 2025 | 35.2% | 36.0% | Country/Area | 35.2% |
| Austria | Europe | Western Europe | 4826 | 13.05 | 13.92 | 14.06 | 10.82 | 10.81 | 12.07 | 0 | 12.07 | 2025 | 28.6% | 33.7% | Country/Area | 28.6% |
| Azerbaijan | Asia | Western Asia | 7140.9 | 24.43 | 26.27 | 27.1 | 27.19 | 24.57 | 24.74 | 0 | 24.74 | 2025 | 39.5% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 39.5% |
| Bahamas | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 246.3 | 2.02 | 2.03 | 2.03 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 0 | 0 | 2.23 | 2024 | 103.4% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Bahrain | Asia | Western Asia | 9281.9 | 33.36 | 33.87 | 35.6 | 37.38 | 37.85 | 0 | 0 | 37.85 | 2024 | 46.6% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 46.6% |
| Bangladesh | Asia | Southern Asia | 20524.7 | 81.06 | 89 | 95 | 88.32 | 79.53 | 78.95 | 0 | 78.95 | 2025 | 43.9% | 42.4% | Country/Area | 43.9% |
| Barbados | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 110 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0 | 0 | 1.01 | 2024 | 104.8% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Belarus | Europe | Eastern Europe | 9215.2 | 36.82 | 34.17 | 31.21 | 28.65 | 28.7 | 27.15 | 0 | 27.15 | 2025 | 33.6% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Belgium | Europe | Western Europe | 6069 | 30.41 | 26.32 | 26.02 | 21.74 | 17.98 | 19.41 | 0 | 19.41 | 2025 | 36.5% | 33.7% | Country/Area | 36.5% |
| Benin | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 127.4 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0 | 0 | 0.97 | 2024 | 86.9% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Bermuda | Americas | Northern America | 114 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37.3% | regional | 37.3% | ||
| Bolivia | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1945.2 | 6.61 | 6.69 | 7.5 | 8.37 | 8.93 | 8.71 | 0 | 8.71 | 2025 | 51.1% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 51.1% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | Southern Europe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% | ||
| Botswana | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 70 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 2024 | 8.2% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Brazil | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 22989.3 | 74.04 | 109.59 | 54.31 | 50.12 | 62.47 | 67.5 | 0 | 67.5 | 2025 | 33.5% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 33.5% |
| Brunei | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 586 | 4.51 | 4.46 | 4.39 | 4.46 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 4.45 | 2024 | 86.7% | 38.0% | regional | 38.0% |
| Bulgaria | Europe | Eastern Europe | 761 | 2.53 | 3.33 | 2.4 | 2.14 | 2.3 | 2.11 | 0 | 2.11 | 2025 | 31.7% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Burkina Faso | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 165.9 | 1.29 | 1.4 | 1.43 | 1.42 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 2024 | 96.3% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Cambodia | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 800.5 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.45 | 2025 | 6.4% | 38.0% | regional | 38.0% |
| Cameroon | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 364 | 3.51 | 3.12 | 2.86 | 1.93 | 1.95 | 0 | 0 | 1.95 | 2024 | 61.2% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Canada | Americas | Northern America | 29276.5 | 82.55 | 90.2 | 98.49 | 109.77 | 116.9 | 124.22 | 0 | 124.22 | 2025 | 48.4% | 37.3% | Country/Area | 48.4% |
| Cayman Islands | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 68 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | 0.68 | 2024 | 114.2% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Central African Republic | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | ||
| Chad | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 60 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 0.35 | 2024 | 66.6% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Chile | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 6989.2 | 17.02 | 18.96 | 19.15 | 18.39 | 12.99 | 14.04 | 0 | 14.04 | 2025 | 22.9% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| China | Asia | Eastern Asia | 190696.3 | 305.97 | 344.16 | 345.55 | 374.77 | 409.6 | 406.6 | 0 | 406.6 | 2025 | 24.3% | 34.3% | Country/Area | 24.3% |
| Colombia | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 4359 | 17.84 | 16.59 | 16.24 | 19.38 | 23.25 | 15.23 | 0 | 15.23 | 2025 | 39.9% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 39.9% |
| Costa Rica | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 202.4 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| 0 | 0.01 | 2024 | 0.6% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% | ||||||||||
| Croatia | Europe | Southern Europe | 1420.8 | 3.46 | 3.12 | 3.59 | 3.88 | 3.26 | 2.74 | 0 | 2.74 | 2025 | 22.0% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 22.0% |
| Cuba | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1433 | 18.13 | 17.04 | 14.98 | 19.02 | 18.65 | 0 | 0 | 18.65 | 2024 | 148.6% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Cyprus | Asia | Western Asia | 1853 | 4.25 | 4.34 | 4.38 | 4.24 | 4.4 | 4.27 | 0 | 4.27 | 2025 | 26.3% | 43.2% | regional | 43.2% |
| Czech Republic | Europe | Eastern Europe | 1819 | 8.72 | 8.11 | 5.06 | 4.31 | 4.29 | 4.24 | 0 | 4.24 | 2025 | 26.6% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 1669 | 7.82 | 8.64 | 9.16 | 7.67 | 7.67 | 0 | 0 | 7.67 | 2024 | 52.5% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 52.5% |
| DR Congo | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 2020 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | |
| Denmark | Europe | Northern Europe | 1203.2 | 2.07 | 2.45 | 2.3 | 2.08 | 2.04 | 1.84 | 0 | 1.84 | 2025 | 17.5% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| Djibouti | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 108 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 2024 | 13.7% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Dominican Republic | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 3586.2 | 10.37 | 11.86 | 10.92 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 10.69 | 0 | 10.69 | 2025 | 34.0% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 34.0% |
| Ecuador | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1553.64 | 6.37 | 6.04 | 7.93 | 9.45 | 9 | 7.54 | 0 | 7.54 | 2025 | 55.4% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 55.4% |
| Egypt | Africa | Northern Africa | 54218.5 | 174.84 | 184.3 | 191.11 | 195.95 | 210.81 | 213.73 | 0 | 213.73 | 2025 | 45.0% | 41.0% | Country/Area | 45.0% |
| El Salvador | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 929.5 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.61 | 0.73 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.6 | 2025 | 7.4% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Equatorial Guinea | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 154 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 | 1.09 | 2024 | 80.8% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Eritrea | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 88 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 2024 | 51.9% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 51.9% |
| Estonia | Europe | Northern Europe | 458.1 | 3.11 | 4.32 | 6.08 | 2.94 | 2.77 | 2.46 | 0 | 2.46 | 2025 | 61.3% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| Eswatini | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | ||
| Ethiopia | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 2020 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | |
| Finland | Europe | Northern Europe | 2822 | 7.58 | 7.66 | 4.73 | 3.35 | 3.01 | 2.85 | 0 | 2.85 | 2025 | 11.5% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| France | Europe | Western Europe | 11614.7 | 45.3 | 43.41 | 56.19 | 39.45 | 27.64 | 27.61 | 0 | 27.61 | 2025 | 27.1% | 33.7% | Country/Area | 27.1% |
| Gabon | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 496 | 1.5 | 1.58 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 0 | 0 | 1.68 | 2024 | 38.7% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 38.7% |
| Georgia | Asia | Western Asia | 1168.2 | 2.82 | 2.38 | 3.39 | 3.45 | 2.81 | 2.75 | 0 | 2.75 | 2025 | 26.9% | 43.2% | regional | 43.2% |
| Germany | Europe | Western Europe | 35086.8 | 116.28 | 112.55 | 100.7 | 97.62 | 98.8 | 101.58 | 0 | 101.58 | 2025 | 33.0% | 33.7% | Country/Area | 33.0% |
| Ghana | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 3979 | 12.36 | 14.4 | 14.85 | 14.94 | 15.48 | 0 | 0 | 15.48 | 2024 | 44.4% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 44.4% |
| Gibraltar | Europe | Southern Europe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% | ||
| Greece | Europe | Southern Europe | 8402.6 | 23.35 | 26.79 | 23.46 | 19.96 | 25.71 | 27.51 | 0 | 27.51 | 2025 | 37.4% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 37.4% |
| Guadeloupe | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 211.2 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.86 | 2023 | 46.5% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 46.5% |
| Guam | Oceania | Micronesia | 198 | 1.63 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2024 | 98.0% | 98.0% | Country/Area | 98.0% |
| Guatemala | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 656 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2024 | 43.5% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 43.5% |
| Guinea | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 104 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2024 | 109.8% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Guyana | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 72 | 1.11 | 1.1 | 1.25 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 0 | 0 | 1.34 | 2024 | 212.5% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Honduras | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1099.8 | 4.55 | 4.23 | 4.5 | 5.64 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 | 2024 | 57.1% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 57.1% |
| Hong Kong | Asia | Eastern Asia | 6095.5 | 22.03 | 22.46 | 23.04 | 24.83 | 24.45 | 0 | 0 | 24.45 | 2024 | 45.8% | 34.3% | regional | 34.3% |
| Hungary | Europe | Eastern Europe | 3024.5 | 9.63 | 10.19 | 9.32 | 7.75 | 7.58 | 8.55 | 0 | 8.55 | 2025 | 32.3% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| India | Asia | Southern Asia | 28201.7 | 77.88 | 63.79 | 49.65 | 54.65 | 60.53 | 52.64 | 0 | 52.64 | 2025 | 21.3% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Indonesia | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 25546 | 58.06 | 63.2 | 62.82 | 68.62 | 75.9 | 0 | 0 | 75.9 | 2024 | 33.9% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 33.9% |
| Iran | Asia | Southern Asia | 77390.1 | 305.15 | 336.54 | 344.01 | 349.94 | 366.66 | 374.25 | 0 | 374.25 | 2025 | 55.2% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Iraq | Asia | Western Asia | 44239.3 | 112.58 | 116.73 | 130.83 | 143.25 | 147.3 | 0 | 0 | 147.3 | 2024 | 38.0% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 38.0% |
| Ireland | Europe | Northern Europe | 6752.5 | 17.84 | 17.26 | 18.17 | 16.05 | 15.99 | 15.91 | 0 | 15.91 | 2025 | 26.9% | 28.5% | Country/Area | 26.9% |
| Isle of Man | Europe | Northern Europe | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% | ||
| Israel | Asia | Western Asia | 13968 | 49.3 | 51.4 | 52.7 | 55.2 | 57.8 | 65.4 | 0 | 65.4 | 2025 | 53.4% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 53.4% |
| Italy | Europe | Southern Europe | 48945 | 146.53 | 155.14 | 157.1 | 131.81 | 129.37 | 132.25 | 0 | 132.25 | 2025 | 30.8% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 30.8% |
| Jamaica | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 714 | 3.69 | 3.77 | 3.91 | 4.19 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 | 4.3 | 2024 | 68.7% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Japan | Asia | Eastern Asia | 99241.7 | 434.75 | 417.05 | 424.62 | 379.48 | 371.24 | 363.03 | 0 | 363.03 | 2025 | 41.8% | 34.3% | Country/Area | 41.8% |
| Jordan | Asia | Western Asia | 4522.8 | 16.78 | 16.45 | 17.35 | 18.55 | 17.97 | 0 | 0 | 17.97 | 2024 | 45.4% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 45.4% |
| Kazakhstan | Asia | Central Asia | 5159.8 | 23.15 | 28.69 | 29.64 | 33.88 | 36.45 | 38.19 | 0 | 38.19 | 2025 | 84.5% | 55.4% | regional | 55.4% |
| Kenya | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 565.1 | 0.75 | 1.26 | 1.58 | 1.31 | 1.13 | 1.39 | 0 | 1.39 | 2025 | 28.1% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Kosovo | Europe | Southern Europe | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 2025 | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% | |
| Kuwait | Asia | Western Asia | 19509.5 | 74.55 | 80.59 | 83.39 | 87.85 | 90.42 | 87.15 | 0 | 87.15 | 2025 | 51.0% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 51.0% |
| Kyrgyzstan | Asia | Central Asia | 0 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | 0.24 | 2024 | 55.4% | regional | 55.4% | |
| Latvia | Europe | Northern Europe | 1087 | 2.08 | 2.13 | 1.21 | 1.42 | 1.68 | 1.62 | 0 | 1.62 | 2025 | 17.0% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| Lebanon | Asia | Western Asia | 2684 | 17.02 | 9.38 | 2.38 | 4.14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2024 | 12.8% | 43.2% | regional | 43.2% |
| Liberia | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | 0.26 | 2024 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | |
| Libya | Africa | Northern Africa | 14795 | 29.49 | 34.78 | 35.1 | 33.74 | 34.58 | 0 | 0 | 34.58 | 2024 | 26.7% | 41.0% | regional | 41.0% |
| Lithuania | Europe | Northern Europe | 1148 | 2.13 | 1.68 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.16 | 1.99 | 0 | 1.99 | 2025 | 19.8% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| Macao | Asia | Eastern Asia | 407.2 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0.54 | 2024 | 15.1% | 34.3% | regional | 34.3% |
| Madagascar | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 171 | 1.07 | 1.22 | 1.2 | 0.88 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 2024 | 60.1% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Malaysia | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 17992 | 54.54 | 62.1 | 70.09 | 70.42 | 72.47 | 69.96 | 0 | 69.96 | 2025 | 44.4% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 44.4% |
| Maldives | Asia | Southern Asia | 142 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0 | 0 | 0.79 | 2024 | 63.5% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Mali | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 254 | 2.33 | 2.4 | 2.48 | 4.82 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | 2024 | 215.7% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Malta | Europe | Southern Europe | 547.8 | 1.9 | 1.95 | 2 | 2.03 | 1.85 | 1.84 | 0 | 1.84 | 2025 | 38.3% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 38.3% |
| Martinique | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 279.6 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.1 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.12 | 2023 | 45.7% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 45.7% |
| Mauritania | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 420 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.19 | 1.64 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 2024 | 43.5% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 43.5% |
| Mauritius | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 1.06 | 1.1 | 1.53 | 1.6 | 1.46 | 0 | 0 | 1.46 | 2024 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | |
| Mexico | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 54275.4 | 229.88 | 227.2 | 235.79 | 254.5 | 255.48 | 253.5 | 0 | 253.5 | 2025 | 53.3% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 53.3% |
| Moldova | Europe | Eastern Europe | 1168 | 5.82 | 6.22 | 4.82 | 5.74 | 5.42 | 2.07 | 0 | 2.07 | 2025 | 20.2% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Montenegro | Europe | Southern Europe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% | ||
| Morocco | Africa | Northern Africa | 1901 | 4.15 | 4.84 | 4.88 | 6.09 | 5.87 | 6.35 | 0 | 6.35 | 2025 | 38.1% | 41.0% | Country/Area | 38.1% |
| Mozambique | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 657.6 | 3.14 | 3.21 | 3.19 | 3.28 | 3.28 | 0 | 0 | 3.28 | 2024 | 56.9% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Myanmar | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 3095.5 | 7.18 | 8 | 11.58 | 10.17 | 10.12 | 0 | 0 | 10.12 | 2024 | 37.3% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 37.3% |
| Namibia | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 2023 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% | |
| Netherlands | Europe | Western Europe | 14985.5 | 77.52 | 62.02 | 52.9 | 50.42 | 49.22 | 52.32 | 0 | 52.32 | 2025 | 39.9% | 33.7% | Country/Area | 39.9% |
| New Caledonia | Oceania | Melanesia | 253 | 1.2 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0 | 0 | 1.14 | 2024 | 51.4% | 173.9% | regional | 173.9% |
| New Zealand | Oceania | Australia and New Zealand | 1046 | 6.57 | 5.36 | 4.93 | 3.92 | 4.97 | 4.48 | 0 | 4.48 | 2025 | 48.9% | 36.0% | regional | 36.0% |
| Nicaragua | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 380 | 1.14 | 1.3 | 1.55 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2024 | 51.1% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 51.1% |
| Niger | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 189 | 0.44 | 0.5 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0 | 0 | 0.75 | 2024 | 45.3% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 45.3% |
| Nigeria | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 11008 | 30.19 | 31.1 | 28.61 | 31.64 | 28.17 | 28.53 | 0 | 28.53 | 2025 | 29.6% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 29.6% |
| North Macedonia | Europe | Southern Europe | 418 | 1.23 | 1.69 | 1.56 | 1.91 | 1.46 | 1.26 | 0 | 1.26 | 2025 | 34.4% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 34.4% |
| Norway | Europe | Northern Europe | 523 | 2.25 | 1.03 | 1.93 | 2.32 | 2.19 | 1.61 | 0 | 1.61 | 2025 | 35.1% | 28.5% | Country/Area | 35.1% |
| Oman | Asia | Western Asia | 13625.3 | 38.1 | 40.3 | 40.5 | 42.8 | 46.7 | 50.44 | 0 | 50.44 | 2025 | 42.3% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 42.3% |
| Pakistan | Asia | Southern Asia | 20573 | 57.59 | 63.9 | 58.54 | 48.91 | 45.53 | 41.93 | 0 | 41.93 | 2025 | 23.3% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Palestine | Asia | Western Asia | 140 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 2024 | 48.9% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 48.9% |
| Panama | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1489.9 | 2.05 | 2.12 | 2.29 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 3.8 | 2024 | 29.1% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Papua New Guinea | Oceania | Melanesia | 58.8 | 2.98 | 3.41 | 3.62 | 3.61 | 3.61 | 0 | 0 | 3.61 | 2024 | 700.9% | 173.9% | regional | 173.9% |
| Peru | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 7139 | 19.21 | 21.76 | 26.64 | 27.73 | 23.65 | 21.96 | 0 | 21.96 | 2025 | 35.1% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 35.1% |
| Philippines | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 7120.3 | 21.97 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 17.97 | 19.39 | 22.19 | 0 | 22.19 | 2025 | 35.6% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 35.6% |
| Poland | Europe | Eastern Europe | 5317.5 | 21.52 | 20.66 | 16.18 | 20.81 | 25.01 | 31.24 | 0 | 31.24 | 2025 | 67.1% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Portugal | Europe | Southern Europe | 4651.5 | 18.92 | 16.88 | 18.72 | 11.78 | 7 | 9.77 | 0 | 9.77 | 2025 | 24.0% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 24.0% |
| Puerto Rico | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 4944 | 15.25 | 15.28 | 15.59 | 15.59 | 15.6 | 15.32 | 0 | 15.32 | 2025 | 35.4% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 35.4% |
| Qatar | Asia | Western Asia | 12577.5 | 49.26 | 51.64 | 54.03 | 54.37 | 54.4 | 54.9 | 0 | 54.9 | 2025 | 49.8% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 49.8% |
| Republic of the Congo | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 534 | 2.93 | 3.03 | 3.87 | 4.1 | 4.32 | 0 | 0 | 4.32 | 2024 | 92.4% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Romania | Europe | Eastern Europe | 3238.8 | 9.77 | 10.25 | 9.66 | 9.34 | 9.33 | 8.61 | 0 | 8.61 | 2025 | 30.3% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| Russia | Europe | Eastern Europe | 115413 | 478.3 | 527.3 | 546.17 | 547.71 | 559.57 | 547.64 | 0 | 547.64 | 2025 | 54.2% | 50.7% | Country/Area | 54.2% |
| Rwanda | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 56 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 2024 | 81.5% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Réunion | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 219.6 | 0.95 | 1.29 | 1.33 | 0.93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.93 | 2023 | 48.3% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 48.3% |
| Saudi Arabia | Asia | Western Asia | 97807.3 | 379.98 | 391.95 | 407.83 | 424.53 | 444.82 | 0 | 0 | 444.82 | 2024 | 51.9% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 51.9% |
| Senegal | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 713.5 | 4.89 | 4.91 | 5.28 | 6.72 | 6.02 | 0 | 0 | 6.02 | 2024 | 96.3% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Serbia | Europe | Southern Europe | 594 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 1.53 | 2.04 | 1.85 | 2.62 | 0 | 2.62 | 2025 | 50.4% | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% |
| Seychelles | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 58 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | 0.53 | 2024 | 104.3% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Sierra Leone | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 162 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 2024 | 0.7% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Singapore | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 15326 | 51.05 | 53.5 | 54.02 | 54.15 | 56.1 | 56.28 | 0 | 56.28 | 2025 | 41.9% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 41.9% |
| Slovakia | Europe | Eastern Europe | 1076 | 4.36 | 5.5 | 3.18 | 3.27 | 3.67 | 4.01 | 0 | 4.01 | 2025 | 42.5% | 50.7% | Country/Area | 42.5% |
| Slovenia | Europe | Southern Europe | 535 | 0.6 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.95 | 0 | 0.95 | 2025 | 20.3% | 29.6% | regional | 29.6% |
| Somalia | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 65 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | 0.34 | 2024 | 59.7% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| South Africa | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 3705.3 | 1.49 | 3.27 | 3.68 | 3.68 | 1.94 | 1.95 | 0 | 1.95 | 2025 | 6.0% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| South Korea | Asia | Eastern Asia | 52419.4 | 168.56 | 188.33 | 181.83 | 176.59 | 185.13 | 180.53 | 0 | 180.53 | 2025 | 39.3% | 34.3% | Country/Area | 39.3% |
| South Sudan | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 85 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.5 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0 | 0 | 0.55 | 2024 | 73.9% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Spain | Europe | Southern Europe | 31265 | 81.86 | 83.58 | 97.79 | 74.84 | 62.75 | 72.09 | 0 | 72.09 | 2025 | 26.3% | 29.6% | Country/Area | 26.3% |
| Sri Lanka | Asia | Southern Asia | 1305.4 | 4.27 | 2.75 | 2.59 | 3.28 | 2.16 | 2.36 | 0 | 2.36 | 2025 | 20.7% | 42.4% | regional | 42.4% |
| Sudan | Africa | Northern Africa | 1390.9 | 6.05 | 6.61 | 4.74 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2024 | 24.6% | 41.0% | regional | 41.0% |
| Suriname | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 63 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | 0.82 | 2024 | 148.6% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Sweden | Europe | Northern Europe | 2619 | 2.44 | 3.06 | 2.88 | 2.33 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 0 | 2.08 | 2025 | 9.1% | 28.5% | regional | 28.5% |
| Switzerland | Europe | Western Europe | 55 | 1.87 | 1.72 | 1.58 | 1.43 | 1.49 | 1.5 | 0 | 1.5 | 2025 | 311.3% | 33.7% | regional | 33.7% |
| Syria | Asia | Western Asia | 7384.5 | 20.23 | 20.87 | 19.2 | 24.14 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2024 | 37.1% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 37.1% |
| Taiwan | Asia | Eastern Asia | 23900.8 | 106.54 | 116.03 | 118.84 | 117.76 | 129.25 | 145.3 | 0 | 145.3 | 2025 | 69.4% | 34.3% | regional | 34.3% |
| Tajikistan | Asia | Central Asia | 206 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.27 | 2025 | 15.0% | 55.4% | regional | 55.4% |
| Tanzania | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 445 | 4.59 | 5.46 | 6.7 | 7.77 | 5.93 | 0 | 0 | 5.93 | 2024 | 152.1% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Thailand | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 34444.7 | 114.58 | 113.83 | 116.37 | 130.29 | 136.65 | 123.48 | 0 | 123.48 | 2025 | 40.9% | 38.0% | Country/Area | 40.9% |
| Timor-Leste | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 255 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.0% | regional | 38.0% | ||
| Togo | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 165 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2024 | 34.6% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 34.6% |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 2056.6 | 9.22 | 9.26 | 9.49 | 9.51 | 9.54 | 0 | 0 | 9.54 | 2024 | 53.0% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 53.0% |
| Tunisia | Africa | Northern Africa | 5451 | 20.71 | 21.22 | 20.76 | 20.44 | 20.43 | 21.41 | 0 | 21.41 | 2025 | 44.8% | 41.0% | Country/Area | 44.8% |
| Turkmenistan | Asia | Central Asia | 7087.2 | 25.76 | 28.39 | 32.59 | 32.59 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 2024 | 53.2% | 55.4% | Country/Area | 53.2% |
| Türkiye | Asia | Western Asia | 26302.6 | 68.41 | 107.69 | 72.59 | 67.42 | 64.26 | 79.39 | 0 | 79.39 | 2025 | 34.5% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 34.5% |
| Uganda | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 189 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0.17 | 2024 | 10.3% | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
| Ukraine | Europe | Eastern Europe | 3729.2 | 14.44 | 11.07 | 7.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.71 | 2022 | 23.6% | 50.7% | regional | 50.7% |
| United Arab Emirates | Asia | Western Asia | 45143 | 129.77 | 129.24 | 127.57 | 118.42 | 121.01 | 0 | 0 | 121.01 | 2024 | 30.6% | 43.2% | Country/Area | 30.6% |
| United Kingdom | Europe | Northern Europe | 37039.2 | 120.73 | 132.52 | 136.18 | 112.48 | 97.75 | 103.68 | 0 | 103.68 | 2025 | 32.0% | 28.5% | Country/Area | 32.0% |
| United States | Americas | Northern America | 570787.5 | 1658.51 | 1614.39 | 1725.7 | 1839.19 | 1900.37 | 1839.06 | 0 | 1839.06 | 2025 | 36.8% | 37.3% | Country/Area | 36.8% |
| Uruguay | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 1102.2 | 0.81 | 2.46 | 1.37 | 0.97 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0 | 0.26 | 2025 | 2.7% | 44.8% | regional | 44.8% |
| Uzbekistan | Asia | Central Asia | 15556.9 | 56.32 | 61.46 | 62.51 | 63.5 | 62.8 | 64.2 | 0 | 64.2 | 2025 | 47.1% | 55.4% | Country/Area | 47.1% |
| Venezuela | Americas | Latin America and the Caribbean | 2012.6 | 17.97 | 17.22 | 17.82 | 6.95 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 7.1 | 2024 | 40.3% | 44.8% | Country/Area | 40.3% |
| Vietnam | Asia | South-eastern Asia | 9770 | 36.52 | 27.1 | 29.94 | 28.06 | 22.45 | 19.9 | 0 | 19.9 | 2025 | 23.3% | 38.0% | regional | 38.0% |
| Western Sahara | Africa | Northern Africa | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.0% | regional | 41.0% | ||
| Yemen | Asia | Western Asia | 1843.9 | 2.45 | 2.42 | 2.52 | 4.6 | 4.66 | 0 | 0 | 4.66 | 2024 | 28.8% | 43.2% | regional | 43.2% |
| Zambia | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 105 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | 0.34 | 2024 | 37.0% | 41.1% | Country/Area | 37.0% |
| Zimbabwe | Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 2020 | 41.1% | regional | 41.1% |
Lifecycle emissions factor
The Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker assumes the median lifecycle emissions as reported in the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Annex 3 (2014)[1] of 490 g CO2eq/kWh for a Combined Cycle (CC) gas-fired power plant.
This lifecycle emissions estimate is in line with other reported values, such as:
- A natural gas combined cycle plant can emit 403–513 g CO2 eq/kWh from a life cycle perspective, 2021 UNECE Report, Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources.[2]
- A natural gas combined cycle plant has a life cycle emissions range of 410-650 g CO2 eq/kWh.[3]
- A natural gas combined cycle life cycle emissions range of 306 - 681 g CO2 eq/kWh.[4]
- A natural gas combustion turbine life cycle emissions range of 487 - 987 g CO2 eq/kWh.[5]
- A natural gas combined cycle life cycle emissions of 499.1 g CO2 eq/kWh.[6]
Lifetime of Gas Plant
Lifetime CO2 estimates by GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker assume gas plants operate over a 30 year lifetime[7], and 5 years for plants older than 30 years.
Limitations
The following are limitations with the CO2 emissions estimates calculated in GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker:
- Generation data (from Ember) used to calculate country/area-level capacity factor often lags GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker data, which is updated twice yearly. For example, the latest generation for a country/area may be for 2022, but the operating capacity is taken from GEM's February 2024 data release.
- Lifecycle emissions factor assumes constant value for all gas plant technologies. An older gas turbine or steam turbine gas plant may have higher lifecycle emissions than a newer combined cycle gas plant.
- Capacity factor is applied at the country/area level, not asset level. Depending on the use of the gas plant (ie: peaker vs. baseload) the actual capacity factor at the asset level may vary.
Articles and Resources
References
- ↑ "IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Annex III, Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Retrieved August 25, 2022.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 68 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2021.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 39 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 92 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 64. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.002. ISSN 0360-1285.
- ↑ "The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 64. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.002. ISSN 0360-1285.
- ↑ "Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Generation System" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Combined-Cycle Plant Life Assessment" (PDF). Sargent & Lundy.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
