Greece and fossil gas

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Energy Monitor coverage of fossil gas
Sub-articles:

Greece sources most (83%) of its Total Energy Supply (TES) from fossil fuels. Coal, oil and gas all play a significant role in the country's fuel mix, but the usage of fossil gas is increasing, while the other two are decreasing. According to Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) fossil gas is expected to plan a more significant role in electricity generation from 2020-2030, with the installed capacity of gas-fired power generation stations increasing its share.[1]

With 8,585 million Euros of in-development gas infrastructure costs as of 2022, Greece ranked highest in the EU, putting it as risk of stranded asset risk and threatening to lock-in emissions well beyond 2050.[2][3]

Greece imports the majority of the fossil gas it consumes. International pipelines and LNG import terminals bring gas into the country, and as of 2022, there are plans to expand the country's import capacities. Domestically produced fossil gas does not account for a significant portion of the country's supply. In 2022, plans for exploration of a potential hydrocarbon play in the south of Greece with postponed indefinitely.

Hydrogen is expected to see expanded uses in the Greek energy mix, according to the country's NECP released in 2019.

Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

In 2020, Greece derived 83.03% of its Total Energy Supply (TES) from fossil fuels. A majority (about 49%) of the TES comes from oil. Fossil gas makes up the second highest share with 26%. In 2015, a larger portion of the TES was derived from coal than from fossil gas, but coal decreased by nearly 16% and fossil gas increased by around 14%.[4] The breakdown can be seen in the table below:

Total Energy Supply of Greece by source, adapted from the IEA.[4]
2020 (%) change since 2015 (%)
Coal 9.03 -15.98
Fossil gas 26.25 14.31
Hydro 1.53 -0.81
Wind, solar, etc. 7.86 3.39
Biofuels and waste 6.81 0.57
Oil 48.52 -1.48

Greece was targeting having 18% of its gross final energy consumption (GFEC) come from renewables by 2020; in 2019 overall 19.67% of its GFEC came from renewables.[5]

Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 set a goal of 35% share of renewable energy sources in GFEC by 2030.[1]

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

As of 2020, Greece's total CO2 emissions are down 33.31% since 1990.[4]

As of 2020, Greece's per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (4.4 tCO2) were 21st in Europe[6]

In 2020, Greece produced 76.17 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -- about 68.0% of which came from the energy sector.[7] In 2019, Greece produced 89.65 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -- about 68.2% of which came from the energy sector.[8]

In its National Energy and Climate plan for 2021-2030, Greece set the target of reducing GHG emissions by "more than" 42% compared to emissions in 1990. As of 2019, compared to 1990 levels, GHG emissions in Greece were down 15%.[8]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy agencies

Ministry of the Environment and Energy (YPEN[9]) is a government department of Greece responsible for environmental and energy policy.[10]

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) is a national entity for the promotion of renewable energy sources.[9]

Permitting agencies

Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) issues production licenses for power stations.[11][12][13]

Regulatory agencies

Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) supervises the domestic energy market, taking regulatory measures for the proper functioning of energy markets among other things.[11][13]

Electric utilities

Independent Power Transmission Operator S.A. (IPTO) is the owner and operator of the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System (HETS). It was certified by the Regulatory Authority for Energy in December 2012.[14]

Operator of the Electricity Market (LAGIE) is responsible for the operation of the electricity market.[9]

Gas Utilities

Hellenic Gas Transmission System Operator (DESFA) S.A. is the administrator (i.e. TSO) of the national fossil gas system.[15] It is responsible for the operation, management, utilization, and development of the system.[16] As of 2022, it is 34% owned by the Greek state and 66% owned by Senfluga S.A..[17]

Leading energy companies

PPC S.A. (ΔΕΗ) is the biggest electric power company in Greece. A majority of its shares (51.2%) are owned by the Greek government. With 11 GW of installed capacity, PPC's power plants account for approximately 51% of the installed capacity of power stations and made up a 46% share of the generation market in Greece in 2020. It owns coal, oil, and gas-fired power plants, as well as renewables power plants.[18]

TotalEnergies, Repsol, ExxonMobil, Edison, Energean, and Hellenic Petroleum were involved in concessions for exploration and drilling activities in Greece in 2019.[19] Greece's biggest oil refiner HelleniQ Energy owns 30% of the exploration rights for hydrocarbons off Crete.[20]

Protergia, a subsidiary of MYTILINEOS, is the largest independent electricity producer company in Greece.[21] It had 1.2 GW of installed gas-fired power plants,[22] which accounts for 13.5% of the licensed thermal plant production capacity operation in the country.[23]

Electricity usage

Installed capacity

As of 2020, Greece's installed capacity totaled around 22 GW.[18]

According to Greece's 2019 NECP, gas-fired electricity generation was expected to increase slightly.[1] The installed capacity in GW of the country's power generation system in "line with the objectives achievement scenario" through 2030 was projected as follows:

"The essential characteristics of the electricity generation system until 2030, in line with the objectives achievement scenario.", adapted from Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan released December 2019.[1] 2020 data Published by N. Sönnichsen, Jul 15, 2021 via Statista.
Historic (GW)[24] Projected (GW)[1]
2020 2022 2025 2027 2030
Coal 3.9 2.9 0.7 0.7 0
Petroleum products 1.9 1.7 1 1 0.3
Fossil gas 5.2 6 6.9 6.9 6.9
Bioenergy 0.889 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3
Hydro 3.17 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9
Wind 3.6 4.2 5.2 6 7
Photovoltaics 2.75 3.9 5.3 6.3 7.7
Solar thermal 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Geothermal 0 0 0 0 0.1
Total 21.1 22.6 23.1 24.9 26.2

As of 2019, Greece's installed capacity totaled around 18.45 GW with about 5 GW (27%) coming from gas-fired power plants.[9]

In 2016, Greece's installed capacity totaled 19.17 GW, ranking it 46th in the world.[25] 57% of that capacity came from fossil fuels, 14% from hydro and 29% from other renewables.[26]

44.3% of the country's combined heat and power (CHP) generation was fueled by fossil gas.[8]

The Lavrio power station, with 928 MW of capacity as of 2021, is the largest operational gas-fired power plant in Greece.[27]

As of December of 2021, Greece had six gigwatts of in-development gas-fired capacity according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker.[27]

A full map of all power plants in Greece and the electricity transmission system can be found on the Independent Power Transmission Operator website.[28] Gas-fired power generation units according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker are shown below:

Gas-fired power plant units in Greece according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker.
Gas-fired power plant units in Greece according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker, as of Jan 12, 2022. Condensed by status, shown proportionally to capacity in MW. Proposed units are shown in yellow, under construction units shown in red, and operating in brown. See the Global Gas Plant Tracker for more information.

Production

Greece generated 46,310 GWh of electricity in 2020, sourced 38.96% from fossil gas.[4] A breakdown of the 2020 electricity generation by source is shown below:

Electricity generation by source in Greece in 2020, adapted from the IEA.[4]
Electricity produced (GWh) share (%) change since 2015 (%)
Coal 5,978 12.91 -29.71%
Oil 4,606 9.95 -0.97%
Natural gas 18,041 38.96 21.43%
Hydro 3,445 7.44 -4.42%
Wind 9,321 20.13 11.22%
Biofuels 331 0.71 0.27%
Waste 230 0.50 0.28%
Solar PV 4,358 9.41 1.89%
Total 46,310 -- --

With 42.6 TWh of electricity produced, Greece ranked 63rd in the world in 2020.[29]

With 52.05 TWh of electricity produced, Greece ranked 53rd in the world in 2016.[26]

Consumption

Greece consumed 51.5 TWh of electricity in 2020, up 51.5% from 1990.[30]

Greece consumed 56.89 TWh of electricity in 2016, 45th in the world.[26]

Greece consumed 5,309.11 kWh per capita in 2019.[31]

Fossil Gas Production, Consumption, Sources and Projects in Greece

Domestic Production

Production of fossil gas in Mtoe, according to the European Commission [7]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

In 2019, Greece's 0.01 Mtoe of fossil gas represented approximately 0.15% of the nation's 6.37 Mtoe of energy produced.[8]

Greece's 8 million cubic meters of fossil gas production in 2017 made it the 93rd largest producer in the world.[26]

Between 2009 and 2019, Greece's growth rate in fossil gas production was 4.3%.[29]

As of 2014, Greece produced oil and gas from the Kavala and Prinos fields in the Northern Aegean Sea.[32] As of 2019, Prinos was the only offshore field producing hydrocarbons in Greece.[33]

However, Greece announced it would "speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy" following the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. According to Reuters, Greece "views gas as a transition fuel as it ramps up renewables" and "Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country aspires to become a gas producer and a hub for the storage and transfer of gas to the rest of Europe."[34]

Reserves

Historically, Greece has not been a significant producer of fossil gas, and its proven reserves were sparse. As of 2018, Greece held 0.991 trillion cubic meters of proven fossil gas reserves, ranking 100th in the world.[26]

Energean is, as of 2022, the only producer active in Greece in the hydrocarbon sector.[34] Energean said in 2022 it has 54 Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent (mmboe) 2P reserves -- 38 mmboe of which are located in the Prinos concession which is comprised of the Prinos, Prinos North and Epsilon oil fields.[35]

According to a 2019 report, Greece is "expected to hold untapped oil and gas reserves in deepwater plays around Crete"[33] but the exploration of these areas were indefinitely suspended in 2022.[36] However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine renewed discussions of exploiting these reserves and for the first time in 22 years, test drilling took place in 2022. According to Reuters, Greece is aiming to conclude "seismic surveys to identify any gas fields it could tap in one onshore and five offshore areas in western Greece and off the island of Crete by March 2023"[34] In April 2022, a senior executive of Greece's hydrocarbons commission said the country has "tentative recoverable gas reserves of more than 600 billion cubic metres."[37] In November 2022, Greece "paved the way" for Exxon to carry out the seismic survey off the Peloponnese peninsula and west and southwest of the island of Crete.[38]

Consumption

In 2020, Greece consumed 5.7 billion cubic meters (bcm) of fossil gas, the 16th most in Europe.[29] 2020 represented Greece's highest level of fossil gas consumption, up 9.6% from 2019 and 99% from 2014.[39]

In 2017, Greece consumed 4.927 bcm of fossil gas, the 61st most in the world.[26]

Greece's fossil gas consumption between 2010 and 2020 is shown below (in bcm):

Natural gas: Consumption in billion cubic meters according to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021[29]
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
3.7 4.6 4.2 3.7 2.8 3.1 4.0 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.7

Imports & exports

Greece is dependent on imports to satisfy its consumption of fossil gas.[40]

2020 represented an increase in LNG imports to Greece, coming from eight different countries. 2020 also included an increase of LNG imports to Greece from the United States, up from 2.5 TWh in 2019 to 16 TWh in 2020.[39]

Greece's fossil gas imports and exports from 2009-2019 are shown below (in Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)):

Greek imports and exports of fossil gas in Mtoe, per the EU Commission.[8]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Imports 2.96 3.23 3.97 3.67 3.23 2.47 2.67 3.46 4.23 4.14 4.46 4.99
Exports 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03

Greece imported 14.64 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[8]

Greece exported 0.58 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[8]

Greece imported 4.984 bcm of fossil gas in 2017, ranking 36th in the European Union.[26]

In 2020, fossil gas imports made up a 39.2% share of Greeces Total Electricity supply.[1]

Transport

As of 2020, Greece's network of natural gas pipelines spans 953.20 km.[41]

A detailed map of the network as of 2021 can be found on page five of the "DEFSA Operation Report of the NNGS for the Year 2020."[41] According to that report, the technical characteristics of the system are as follows:

Diameters and lengths of the NNGTS Natural Gas pipelines, according to DEFSA Operation Report of the NNGS for the Year 2020[41]
Fossil Gas Pipeline Diameter (inches) Total Length (Km)
Main Pipeline 36 & 30 512
Transmission Branches of NNGTS
Lavrion Branch 30 100.05
Keratsini Branch 30 & 24 24.48
HAR Branch 14 2.02
Oinofyta Branch 10 20.62
Volos Branch 10 40.42
Thessaloniki North - EKO Branch 24 & 10 9.70
Thessaloniki East Branch 24 24.41
Platy Branch 10 10.98
Karperi - Komotini Branch 24 216.79
Komotini - Kipi Branch 36 86.71
Alouminion Branch 30 28.12
Megara - Korinthos Branch 30 52.88
MOTOR OIL Branch 20 1.46
Trikala Branch 10 71.94
Thisvi Branch 20 26.27
Heron Branch 14 0.75
Aliveri Branch 20 73.13
Elefsina (ELPE) Branch 10 6.41
Korinthos - Megalopoli Branch 24 155.43
Revithoussa - Agia Triada Underwater Pipeline
East Pipeline 24 0.62
West Pipeline 24 0.63
TOTAL

(Transmission Branches and Underwater pipelines)

953.20

With 1,978 km of pipeline projects in development, Greece ranked 17th in the world in terms of planned expansion by length in 2021.[42] With 237,865 BOE/d of pipeline projects in development, Greece ranked 24th in the world in terms of planned expansion by capacity in 2020.[43]

The estimated total cost of new gas transport infrastructure (pipelines and LNG terminals) was 8,564 million euros in 2021.[2]

As of September 2021, the main two gas international pipeline transport projects in development were:

Pipelines running internationally through Greece, in-development as of August 2021, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker.[44]
Pipeline name Countries Status as of September 2021 Expected Start Year Length (KM) FID Status
East Med Gas Pipeline Cyprus, Israel, Greece Proposed 2025 1870.00 Pre-FID
Poseidon Gas Pipeline Greece, Italy Proposed 2023 976.00 Pre-FID

As of 2021, Greece had one operating LNG import terminals with a capacity of 3.7 million tonnes per (mtpa) and another proposed one with of 4.49 mtpa.[44]

The Greek pipeline network, as of 2021 according to GFIT, can be seen on the map below:

Proposed, under construction and operating pipelines and in-development LNG Terminals in Greece as of 2021, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker[45]. Proposed pipelines are shown in yellow, under construction plants shown in red, and operating in brown. See the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker Interactive Map for more information

Hydrogen

Green hydrogen production is listed as a goal to be promoted in Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan.[1] The 'European Hydrogen Backbone' report states an expectation that Greece may be exporting green hydrogen to the rest of Europe.[46]

The Greek NECP states "Hydrogen is a future solution, although it is currently at an early stage of development. It is noted that Greece has a significant track record in scientific investigation and research in the field of hydrogen production from RES”.[1] However, as the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU) report on "Opportunities arising from the inclusion of Hydrogen Energy Technologies in the National Energy & Climate Plans" notes, the Greek NECP "provides neither concrete hydrogen targets, nor hydrogen specific policies and measures."[47]

According to the FCH 2 JU report scenarios modeled in 2020, between 840 and 1,960 MW of offshore wind and 120 and 270 MW of solar PV would need to be dedicated to electrolyzers to supply industry, buildings, transport and power sectors with green hydrogen to avoid between .5 and 1.0 mt CO2 per year.[47]

Suspensions of Oil and Gas Exploration in Greece

According to the Fossil Fuel Policy Tracker, Greece does not have any fossil fuel related moratoria, limits, nor bans in place, as of November 2022.[48]

Seismic Surveys By Total, ExxonMobil and ELPE

In January 2022, a consortium of Total, ExxonMobil and ELPE decided not to proceed with seismic surveys in the two plots south and west of Crete, potentially indefinitely freezing its hydrocarbon explorations in those two marine plots.[36][49] The exploration was opposed by Greenpeace[50] and WWF-Greece[19], among others.

However, in April 2022, Greece announced it would "speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy" following the invasion of Ukraine. According to Reuters, Greece "views gas as a transition fuel as it ramps up renewables" and "Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country aspires to become a gas producer and a hub for the storage and transfer of gas to the rest of Europe."[34]

According to Reuters, Greece is aiming to conclude "seismic surveys to identify any gas fields it could tap in one onshore and five offshore areas in western Greece and off the island of Crete by March 2023"[34] In April 2022, a senior executive of Greece's hydrocarbons commission said the country has "tentative recoverable gas reserves of more than 600 billion cubic metres."[37] In November 2022, Greece "paved the way" for Exxon to carry out the seismic survey off the Peloponnese peninsula and west and southwest of the island of Crete.[38]

Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance

Greece did not join the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA) at COP26 in 2021.[51][52]

Socio-Economic Impact of the Fossil Gas Industry

Workforce

According to estimates cited by the European Commission, in 2020 there were three (one fewer than 2019) enterprises in the "Extraction of Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas" sector, 43 (+7) in "Support Activities for Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction" and 7,544 (+594) in "Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply." 80 (-22) people were employed in support activities for oil and gas extraction. 29,977 people were employed in the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector.[53][40]

Opposition to Fossil Gas Infrastructure

The Environmental Justice Atlas (EJA) lists a victory against imported coal plants by environmental justice organizations including World Wildlife Fund Hellas Chapter, Coalition Against Coal/Alliance Against Coal, Panaitoloakarnaniko Front for the Environment, Boeotians for the Environment, Greenpeace, and Active Citizens of Evia.[11][54] Citizens Against Coal launched the "Energy forum-Citizens Movement for Energy"in 2010.[11]

In 2021, Vrisoules's activism to "prevent the last untouched areas of our country being turned into oil and gas company playgrounds"[55] was highlighted by Deutsche Welle (DW).[56]

Extinction Rebellion along with over 130 environmental organizations[57] was active in a 2020 protest in Greece.[58]

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