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The Northern Peruvian Oil Pipeline, known in Spanish as the Oleoducto Norperuano and frequently referred to by its initials ONP, is an oil pipeline in Peru.[1]
Location
The pipeline originates in Loreto department in Peru's Amazon Basin. It has two branches at its eastern end, beginning at the Andoas and San José de Saramuro gathering stations, respectively. At Estación 5 (Pumping Station 5), these two branches converge to form a single pipeline that continues southwest to the Bayóvar terminal on Peru's Pacific Coast (Piura department).[2][3][4] The pipeline passes through the departments of Loreto, Amazonas, Cajamarca, Lambayeque and Piura.[5]
Project Details
- Operator: Petroperú[1]
- Owner: Petroperú[1]
- Parent company: Government of Peru[6]
- Current capacity:
- Length: 1106 km[1][8]
- Diameter:
- Status: Operating
- Start Year: 1977[5][9]
- Related infrastructure:
Background
The Oleoducto Norperuano is Peru's longest pipeline. It began operating on May 24, 1977.[5]
The pipeline is divided into three sections:
- The easternmost section, known as Tramo I (Section 1), starts at Station 1 in San José de Saramuro and has a diameter of 24 inches and a length of 306 km.
- The northernmost section, known as Tramo ORN / Ramal Norte (North Branch), starts at the Andoas station and has a diameter of 16 inches and a length of 252 km.
- These first two sections of pipeline come together at Station 5 in Borja (Loreto department), where they feed into a 36-inch pipeline known as Tramo II (Section 2) that runs 548 kilometers west to the Bayóvar terminal on Peru's Pacific Coast.[4][8]
The pipeline transported 150,000 barrels per day at its peak, but had only been transporting 15,000 barrels per day before a 2016 spill led to the pipeline being shut down for more than a year.[10]
Disruptions in service
The Northern Peruvian Pipeline has suffered frequent disruptions in service due to weather, sabotage, and aging pipes. At various points politicians and others have proposed replacing the existing pipeline with more modern and easily maintainable infrastructure.[11][12]
Transport of oil through the pipeline suffered new disruptions in 2020 due to falling oil prices, the Covid-19 pandemic, and protests by indigenous groups. Three of Peru's major oil producers - Argentina's Pluspetrol, Anglo-French Perenco, and Canada's Frontera, shut down production in Blocks 8, 67, and 192, respectively, when the pandemic took hold in March 2020, and the operations of all three companies remained suspended as of January 2021.[13]
A June 2020 agreement between pipeline operator Petroperú and the PetroTal oil company called for resumption of production at the Bretaña oil field in Lot 95, with anticipated volumes of 10,000 bpd for the remainder of 2020 and 20,000 bpd in 2021.[14] In January 2021 PetroTal announced that it would ship 220,000 barrels of Peruvian crude by barge to Brazil in February to test river transport as an alternative to the Norperuano pipeline, in light of the ongoing challenges posed by pipeline ruptures, blockades, and sabotage.[13]
In early January 2021, Petroperú announced that it had reopened the entire Norperuano pipeline for the first time since September 2020, following months of protests that had shut down operations.[15]
In October 2021 new protests by the Awajún and Saramuro indigenous communities led to an 84-day shutdown of pipeline operations.[16][17][18] On December 17, Petroperu regained control of pumping station 5, which had been occupied by protestors since October 4, and the pipeline was returned to service in late December following negotiations between Petroperu, Peruvian government officials, and the affected indigenous groups.[19] In early January, members of the Saramurillo community lifted a separate blockade affecting port facilities at pumping station 1, in exchange for promises from Petroperú, Petrotal and the Peruvian government to build a community center and implement improvements in local health, education, and electrical service.[20][21]
In March 2022, severe weather in the Cajamarca region led to a new suspension of service while Petroperú crews worked to verify the integrity of several sections of pipeline exposed by heavy rains.[22]
Environmental and social impacts
The Oleoducto Norperuano has a substantial history of spills. A 2020 report co-published by Oxfam and the Peruvian human rights group CNDDHH documents a total of 94 spills along the ONP between 2000 and 2019, half of which were caused by corrosion, faulty maintenance, operational errors, and unsafe conditions attributable to pipeline operator Petroperú. An additional 34.8% of the spills were attributed to "third parties," while 15.7% of the spills were due to natural causes. The frequency of spills along the ONP and associated oil development parcels in the Peruvian Amazon has increased dramatically in recent years.[23]
Other sources that have documented the high incidence of spills along the ONP include Peru Reports, which cited 23 spills and leaks along the ONP between 2011 and 2017[24], and Environmental Justice Atlas, which recorded at least 20 spills between 2016 and 2019.[25]
In August 2016, Peru's government ordered the closure of the ONP following three spills that released thousands of barrels of oil into rivers in the Loreto and Amazonas regions over a period of five months.[24][26] In response to the spills, Petroperú was fined $3.5 million and the company's president German Velasquez was fired.[24] The pipeline reopened in September 2017.[27]
Another significant spill took place on June 18, 2019, contaminating the drinking water of 1230 indigenous families.[28]
The spills have been contentious for a number of reasons, including their impacts on local villages that rely on rivers for drinking water and other essential uses. Petroperú was also criticized following the January and February 2016 spills following the release of photographs depicting children working to clean up the spills, with Petroperú paying $2 per bucket of oil collected.[26]
In September 2022, a 2,500-barrel oil spill - allegedly due to an intentional pipe cut - reached the Marañón River, contaminating an area home to 2,500 indigenous people.[29][30][31]
In 2023, at least 10 incidents caused by third parties were registered in the ONP.[32] In February 2024, an intentional cut to the pipeline of Section II of the ONP was registered in the Condorcanqui province of the Amazonas region.[33] As of February 2024, section II of the ONP been on a scheduled shutdown since December 29, 2023.[33]
At least five new spills were recorded along the pipeline in 2024, in the departments of Amazonas, Lambayeque, Piura and Loreto.[34]
Corruption case
On October 2023, a corruption case related to the ONP came to light, when an alleged criminal organization that came to be known as 'Los Crudos' (the crudes) was captured.[35][36] The organization, made up of businessmen, native community members, and Petroperu officials, was accused of intentionally causing oil spills in the ONP to charge for their cleanup, which they did through the use of phantom cleaning companies.[35][36] Authorities calculated that the amounts obtained from cleanup contracts reached 12 million soles.[35] On October 4, 2023, the Prosecutor's Office announced the preliminary arrest of 17 alleged members of 'Los Crudos' for attacking Section I of the ONP to obtain labor and economic benefits.[35][36] These criminal actions had strong negative repercussions on the Peruvian Amazon.[35]
Opposition
Since the ONP's inception, concerned citizens have sought to draw attention to the pipeline's negative impacts on indigenous communities and the environment, and the pace of protests has increased in recent years.
In February 2019, members of four indigenous Quechua communities near the pipeline (Andoas, Nuevo Andoas, Porvenir and Jardines) took over the Andoas airfield to protest Petroperú and Frontera Energy's failure to supply electricity and water to local residents as promised.[37]
Frustration with Petroperú and its pollution of local rivers provoked further protests and strikes following the June 18, 2019 oil spill. Over the following month, 54 Amazonian indigenous federations joined the protests, eventually taking over one of Petroperú's local headquarters by force on July 6. Indigenous leaders agreed to suspend their protests in mid-July after representatives of the Peruvian government, including Minister of Energy and Mines Francisco Ísmodes, met with them and promised to investigate the ongoing oil spills.[28]
In July 2019, the Peruvian environmental agency OEFA (Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental) fined Petroperú US$25 million for failure to maintain the pipeline and for damages caused to indigenous communities, flora and fauna in the pipeline's path.[25]
In August 2020, indigenous groups staged new protests at a pumping station along the Norperuano pipeline and at Block 95, an oil field administered by the Canadian company PetroTal, demanding that the government comply with its promises to provide electricity, drinking water, and a sewage treatment plant. Three indigenous protestors were killed in the ensuing confrontation with police, which also resulted in injuries to 11 protestors and six police officers.[38] Protestors armed with spears occupied the pumping station for two weeks, relinquishing control only after being promised medical attention for coronavirus and other forms of socio-economic support.[39]
In September 2020, indigenous groups again staged protests and blockades demanding health and social support measures in the face of the coronavirus, prompting Petroperú to evacuate two of its stations in the Loreto region and bringing pipeline operations to a halt. Amidst the protest, Pablo de la Flor, executive director of the SNMPE (National Society of Mining, Petroleum and Energy) noted that oil production in the region had been reduced by two thirds in 2020 compared to 2019.[39] Protestors maintained their blockade of pumping station 5 for 85 days before the Peruvian government reassumed control in late December 2020, allowing normal pipeline operations to resume by early January 2021.[13][15]
In March 2021, ten employees working at the Morona Station along the pipeline were kidnapped as a result of continued anger over State shortcomings to meet social demands.[40]
In October 2021, 200 protestors supported by the indigenous rights groups Fenara (Federación Nativa Awajún Río Apaga) and PAAP (Pueblos Afectados por la Actividad Petrolera) seized control of Norperuano Pipeline's station 5 in northern Peru's Loreto region, shutting down pumping operations and prompting the evacuation of Petroperú workers. The protestors established an encampment at the station, calling on Petroperú and the Peruvian government to honor past promises of economic and social support to communities impacted by oil operations in the area.[16][17][18]
As of November 2021, pipeline operations remained paralyzed and Petroperú announced that it had evacuated its workers from station 5 in response to continued protests by the Saramuro indigenous community.[41] In late November 2021 Canadian-owned Petrotal reported that its river-borne shipments of Peruvian crude to Brazil had also been disrupted, noting that the ongoing social unrest could lead to a full shutdown of oil operations at its Block 95 concession.[42]
In October 2022, following the September oil spill which contaminated the Marañón River, indigenous activists blocked cargo and passenger vessels in the town of Cuninico, stating that despite the issued state of emergency, they had yet to receive food and water aid 21 days after the oil spill.[30] Community authorities also announced an indefinite strike at the pipeline's Station 1, as well as the possibility of electrical cut-offs.[43] In response to these protests, Petroperú ordered the evacuation of all personnel from Station 1, citing concerns for worker safety.[44]
Articles and resources
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Oleoducto Norperuano". Petroperú. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Los tramos del Oleoducto Norperuano". Petroperú. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Mapa Energético Minero". Osinergmin. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "EQUIPO DE CONTINGENCIA DE PETROPERÚ LOGRÓ CONTROLAR NUEVO ATENTADO EN OLEODUCTO NOR PERUANO". RCR (Red de Comunicación Regional). October 27, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Oleoducto Norperuano cumplió 42 años de funcionamiento". Petroperú. May 27, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Junta de Accionistas". Petroperú. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 "Oleoducto Nor Peruano" (PDF). Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 "¿Dónde está el Oleoducto Nor Peruano y cuánto petróleo transporta?". RPP Noticias. October 25, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Historia". Petroperú. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Oleoducto Norperuano estaría paralizada por lo menos 6 meses más". Gestión. July 26, 2016.
- ↑ "Congreso pretende que se construya un nuevo oleoducto norperuano". Gestión. 2019-07-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "IPIGP: Nueva refinería de Talara no es viable sin el oleoducto y lotes de la selva". Rumbo Minero. 2021-11-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "PetroTal to test Peru-Brazil river route for crude". Argus Media. January 12, 2021.
- ↑ "PetroTal coordina reapertura del Oleoducto Norperuano para transportar producción del Lote 95". La República. June 14, 2020.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Petroperú reinicia operación delOleoducto Norperuano". Petroperú. January 3, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Transportation operations of the North Peruvian Pipeline are paralyzed due to the capture of Station 5". Petroperú. October 5, 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Oleoducto Norperuano paraliza las operaciones en una de sus estaciones tras ser tomada por más de 200 indígenas". RT. October 6, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Indigenous protesters in Peru take over Petroperu pipeline". Reuters. October 5, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Petroperú reinició transporte de hidrocarburos por el Oleoducto tras 84 días de estar paralizada". Gestión. December 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "PCM: se levanta bloqueo en la Estación 1 del Oeloducto Nor Peruano". El Peruano. January 6, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Estos son los compromisos de la PCM con la comunidad para levantar bloqueo en Oleoducto Norperuano". Diario Digital de Minería y Energía. January 7, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Petroperú iniciará trabajos en el Oleoducto Norperuano afectado por lluvias". Desde Adentro. March 11, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Aymara León & Mario Zúñiga (February 2020). "La sombra del petróleo: Informe de los derrames petroleros en la Amazonía peruana entre el 2000 y el 2019" (PDF). Oxfam & CNDDHH – Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Peru pipeline closed for six more months following third oil spill". Perú Reports. August 1, 2016.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Derrames del oleoducto de Petroperú en la Amazonia, Perú | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. October 14, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Oil spills contaminate major river in Peru’s Amazon, Peru Reports, 13 Feb. 2016
- ↑ "Oleoducto Nor Peruano reinicia operaciones". Petroperú. September 26, 2017.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Oleoducto Norperuano: Indígenas levantan protestas en zona declarada en emergencia por derrame de petróleo". Gestión. July 19, 2019.
- ↑ Durand, Fernando (16 septiembre 2022). "Alertan que derrame de petróleo en el Oleoducto Norperuano llegó al río Marañón". InfoRegión. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Por nuevo derrame de petróleo: Amazonía de Perú se encuentra en "emergencia ambiental"". Futuro360. 29 septiembre 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ "Loreto: Policía verificó que último derrame se originó por corte intencional al oleoducto". Andina. 20 septiembre 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Redacción EC (2023-09-22). "Petroperú reporta nuevo corte en Oleoducto Norperuano". El Comercio (in español). ISSN 1605-3052. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 vis.com.pe. "Petroperú is controlling oil outcrop caused by an intentional cut to the ONP". www.petroperu.com.pe. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ "Al menos siete derrames de petróleo se dieron en unidades a su cargo durante 2024". Diario La República. 2024-12-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 Soto, Por Bibiana Guardamino (2023-10-13). "'Los Crudos', la banda criminal de apus y empleados de Petroperú que cortó el Oleoducto Norperuano y cobró millones al Estado". infobae (in español). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 reytuerto; reytuerto (2023-10-05). "Capturan a presunta organización criminal que cortaba tuberías del Oleoducto Norperuano | SPDA Actualidad Ambiental" (in español). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ "Loreto: comunidades nativas tomaron aeródromo de Andoas para reclamar agua y energía". SPDA Actualidad Ambiental. February 8, 2019.
- ↑ "Perú: 3 muertos en protesta contra petrolera en la Amazonía". Últimas Noticias / 20 Minutos. August 9, 2020.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Petroperú vuelve a frenar oleoducto ante amenaza de protestas de indígenas: gremio". Reuters. September 28, 2020.
- ↑ "Loreto: toman estación del Oleoducto Norperuano y secuestran a 10 trabajadores". La República. March 13, 2021.
- ↑ "Peru's state oil company says it has withdrawn workers from jungle station as indigenous protests continue". Reuters. November 18, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Emery, Alex (November 24, 2021). "PetroTal might halt oil output at Peru's Block 95 due to protests". SP Global.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Valencia, Martha (6 octubre 2022). "Loreto: comunidades nativas retoman bloqueo del río Marañón y piden ayuda humanitaria". El Búho. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ "Loreto: Petroperú evacúa trabajadores de la Estación 1 del Oleoducto Norperuano". Andina. 5 octubre 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
