Planning the end of coal-fired power: Phaseout targets and NDCs

From Global Energy Monitor

* NEW: Visit Global Energy Monitor's related Global coal phaseout visualization tool here!

The planned retirement of coal-fired power stations across the globe can be estimated through various commitments, including country level commitments and plans. These commitments and plans have varying levels of haste, ambition, conditionality, and likelihood depending on their type.

As of July 2025, 32 coal burning countries were a part of the Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA), which involves committing to phasing out coal by a particular year.

A coal "phaseout" generally refers to the retirement of all coal-fired power stations in a particular place. Some countries have a formal coal phaseout date through an avenue such as the PPCA, while other countries have various climate and energy transition commitments that indicate an implied coal phaseout date, such as a carbon neutrality target, a net-zero target, or an established Nationally Determined Contribution. A carbon neutrality target refers to the combination of emissions plus offsets/capture, and a net-zero target refers to no emissions whatsoever by a particular year. A Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is a non-binding document submitted by a country to outline climate-related policy targets in accordance with the Paris Agreement.

  • Haste: Some countries target retiring all coal-fired power stations by a particular year this decade. Others, such as Belgium, have already retired all coal-fired capacity. Meanwhile, other countries, such as India, do not target carbon neutrality until 2070.
  • Ambition: In some cases, such as in the United States, targets are stipulated by the use of fossil fuels in combination with technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage or are narrowed in scope to only the electricity sector (e.g. excluding transportation).
  • Conditionality: Many less developed countries have different targets depending on whether they are granted international aid. For example, Nigeria has set a target of a 47% emissions reduction by 2030 with international aid or a 20% emissions reduction by 2030 without international aid.
  • Likelihood: The way in which a target was established can indicate the relative likelihood that a country will meet its goal. Denmark, for example, has a law pledging carbon neutrality by 2050. Meanwhile, other countries have set targets using varying levels of authority. This includes policy documents, declarations, and loosely defined discussions such as speeches or political campaigns.


The below tables provide the associated year of country-level coal phaseout, carbon neutrality, and net-zero targets. For further details on a country's type of net-zero commitment (law, policy, discussion, NDC target, etc.) and other additional information, see the NewClimate Institute's Net Zero Tracker.[1]

For resources related to Paris Agreement aligned coal exit dates and "abatement", see the Global Energy Monitor - Coal Phaseout Tool wiki.

Coal phaseout and other targets by GCPT country

All tables are limited to Global Coal Plant Tracker (GCPT) countries. The GCPT provides information on coal-fired power units from around the world generating 30 megawatts and above. The GCPT catalogues every operating coal-fired generating unit, every new unit proposed since 2010, and every unit retired since 2000. To share feedback or report an error found on this wiki page, please visit the GCPT error reporting form.

Countries without coal power capacity

“No Coal” refers to no operating/mothballed coal power capacity as of December 2025
Country Phaseout Year Net Zero or Carbon Neutral Target Year Sources
Albania No Coal 2050 [2][3]
Austria Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2020 2040 [4]
Belarus No Coal None [5]
Belgium Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2016 2050 [6]
Côte d'Ivoire No Coal - 2021 None [7][8]
Djibouti No Coal None [9]
DR Congo No Coal None [10]
Egypt No Coal - 2021 None [11]
El Salvador No Coal None [12]
Eswatini No Coal None [13]
Ethiopia No Coal 2050 [14][15]
Georgia No Coal 2050 [16]
Ghana No Coal 2060 [17][18]
Guadeloupe Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2025 None [19]
Guinea No Coal None [20]
Honduras No Coal - 2025 None [21][22]
Iran No Coal None [23]
Ireland Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2025 2050 [24][25]
Jamaica No Coal 2060 [26]
Kenya No Coal 2050 [27]
Latvia No Coal 2050 [28]
Malawi No Coal 2050 –
Mozambique No Coal None –
Oman No Coal 2050 [29]
Papua New Guinea No Coal 2050 [30]
Peru Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2022 2050 [31][32]
Portugal Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2021 2045 [33]
Sudan No Coal None –
Sweden Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2020 2045 [34]
Tanzania No Coal None –
United Arab Emirates Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2022 2050 [35][36]
United Kingdom Last GCPT coal unit retired or converted in 2024 2050 [37]
Venezuela No Coal None –

Coal power countries with phaseout dates

Country Phaseout Year Net Zero or Carbon Neutral Target Year Sources
Bulgaria 2038 2050 [38][39]
Canada 2030 2050 [40]
Chile 2040 2050 [41][42]
Colombia 2030 2050 [43]
Croatia 2033 2050 [44][45]
Czech Republic 2033 2050 [46][47][48]
Denmark 2028 2045 [49]
Finland 2029 2035 [50][51]
France 2027 2050 [52]
Germany 2038* 2045 [53]
Greece 2026 2050 [54][55][56]
Hong Kong 2035 2050 [57][58]
Hungary 2029 2050 [59][60][61]
Israel 2026 2050 [62][63]
Italy 2028 2050 [61][64][65]
Kosovo 2050 2050 [66][67]
Malaysia 2044 2050 [68][69]
Mauritius 2035 2070 [70][71]
Montenegro 2041 None [72]
Morocco 2040*** None [73][74]
Myanmar 2050 None [75]
Netherlands 2029 2050 [76][77]
New Zealand 2037 2050 [78]
North Macedonia 2030 None [61][79]
Panama 2026 2050 [80]
Poland 2049 2050 [81][82]
Romania 2032 2050 [83][84]
Serbia 2050 None [85]
Slovakia 2025 2050 [86][87]
Slovenia 2033 2050 [88][89]
South Korea 2040 2050 [90][91]
Spain 2025 2050 [92]
Sri Lanka 2044 2050 [93][94]
Ukraine 2035 2060 [95][96]
United States 2035** 2050 [97][98]
Vietnam 2050 2050 [99][100]

2038* Germany's July 2020 Coal Power Exit Law established 2038 as the country's formal coal phaseout year. A pending analysis of the government's phaseout plan stated that Germany would phase out coal "ideally by 2030".[101]

2035** The United States had targeted a "carbon pollution free" electricity sector by 2035. However, the target did not explicitly include abated power stations or power stations not used for the electricity sector. In April 2023, the United States was among the G7 countries that blocked the establishment of a Group-wide 2030 phase-out date. In May 2023, language from the White House was adjusted to "a fully or predominantly decarbonized power sector by 2035".[102] In April 2024, the U.S. and other G7 nations agreed to phase out existing unabated coal power between 2030 and 2035.[103]

2040*** Morocco's target to phase out coal from electricity generation is contingent on international support. Without support, the country aims to phase out coal power in the 2040s.

Countries in the European Union (EU) have their own individual phaseout targets. The EU's 2021 European Climate Law established a binding target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030. EU countries were to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. However, power stations fitted with abatement technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, could continue to operate in 2050.[104] EU member states were pushing for the establishment of a global coal phaseout date ahead of broader carbon neutrality targets; however, as of October 2023, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Poland and Slovakia did not support a complete phaseout commitment that prohibited "abated" fossil-fueled power stations.[105]

Coal power countries without phaseout dates

Country Phaseout Year Net Zero or Carbon Neutral Target Year Sources
Afghanistan None None –
Argentina None 2050 [106][107]
Australia None 2050 [108][109]
Bangladesh None None [110][111]
Bosnia and Herzegovina None 2050 [112][113]
Botswana None None [114][115]
Brazil None 2050 [116][117]
Brunei None 2050 [118]
Cambodia None 2050 [119][120]
China None 2060 [121][122]
Dominican Republic None 2050 [123]
Guatemala None None –
India None 2070 [124][125]
Indonesia None 2060 [126][127]
Japan None 2050 [128][129][130]
Kazakhstan None 2060 [131]
Kyrgyzstan None 2050 [132][133]
Laos None 2050 [134][135]
Madagascar None 2050 [136]
Mexico None 2050 [137][138]
Moldova None 2050 [139]
Mongolia None 2050 [140]
Namibia None 2050 [141]
Niger None None [142]
Nigeria None 2060 [143]
North Korea None None [144]
Pakistan None None [145]
Philippines None None [146]
Russia None 2060 [147]
Senegal None None [148][149]
South Africa None 2050 [150][151]
Syria None None [152]
Taiwan None 2050 [153]
Tajikistan None None [154]
Thailand None 2050 [155][156]
Türkiye None 2053 [157]
Uzbekistan None 2050 [158]
Zambia None None [159]
Zimbabwe None None [160]

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) by GCPT country

The table below is limited to Global Coal Plant Tracker (GCPT) countries. The full NDC document registry is available on the UNFCCC website.[161]

As of November 2025
Country Latest NDC Commitment Summary
Afghanistan 11/23/2016 Afghanistan's most recent NDC, submitted in November 2016, calls for a 13.6% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to a Business-As-Usual scenario, conditional on international support.
Albania 12/10/2021 Albania's updated NDC, released in October 2021, pledged a 21% reduction in CO2eq emissions compared to a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030 and for 42% of gross final energy consumption to be from renewable energy by 2030.
Argentina 11/2/2021 Argentina's 2021 Paris climate pledge, laid out in its second NDC report, sets a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 but does not specifically commit to zero-emissions electricity or a complete phaseout of coal.
Australia 9/18/2025 Australia's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, increased the ambition of the country's climate target. The NDC reaffirmed Australia's commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050, and committed to an economy-wide emissions reduction of 62-70% below 2005 levels by 2035.
Austria 11/5/2025 Austria, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035. Austria also has individual targets of net-zero emissions by 2040 and 100% renewable power by 2030, according to the IEA.
Bangladesh 9/29/2025 Bangladesh's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, has two levels of commitments, depending on the amount of international aid received. Its unconditional commitment is to reduce emissions by 6.39% below a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2035, under which Bangladesh would emit an estimated 418.4 Mt CO2eq. Its commitment conditional on international aid will reduce emissions by 13.92% below BAU by 2035. Bangladesh also aims to generate 25% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2035.
Belarus 11/10/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Belarus made an unconditional commitment to reduce its emissions by at least 42% below 1990 levels by 2035. With sufficient international support, Belarus committed to reducing emissions by at least 47% by 2035.
Belgium 11/5/2025 Belgium, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030. According to the IEA, Belgium completed its coal phaseout in 2016.
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4/20/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in April 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina committed unconditionally to a 33.2% reduction in emissions below 1990 levels by 2030, with a possibility of reaching 36.8% emissions reductions by 2030 contingent on international aid. Bosnia and Herzegovina will also reduce emissions by 61.7% or 65.6% below 1990 levels by 2050, depending on the amount of international aid received.
Botswana 12/24/2024 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2024, Botswana committed to reduce its emissions by 15% below 2015 levels by 2030.
Brazil 11/13/2024 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2024, Brazil committed to reducing its emissions in 2035 by between 59% and 67% below 2005 levels. This was an increase from the previous commitment of 50% in the same time period. Brazil also has an objective of carbon neutrality by 2050.
Brunei 10/29/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, Brunei committed to reducing its economy-wide emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual (BAU) levels by 2035. Its BAU estimate for 2035 is approximately 30.8 Mt CO2eq. In its previous NDC, Brunei also committed to increase its total share of renewable energy to at least 30% of total capacity in the power generation mix by 2035.
Bulgaria 11/5/2025 Bulgaria, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Cambodia 8/8/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in August 2025, Cambodia committed to reducing its emissions by 55% below its estimated Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2035, conditional on international financial aid and technical support. The country's unconditional emissions target is 16% below BAU by 2035. Mitigation strategies in the updated NDC include a moratorium on building new coal power and phasing out existing coal.
Canada 2/12/2025 Canada's most recent NDC, submitted in February 2025, sets a target of reducing emissions by 45-50% below 2005 levels by 2030. Canada has also committed to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Canada has also committed to phase out coal by 2030 in the NDC.
Chile 9/23/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Chile established a cumulative greenhouse gas emissions budget not to exceed 1,100 Mt CO2eq in the period 2020 to 2030, with emissions peaking by 2025. In addition, the country set an emissions budget that will not exceed 480 MtCO2eq between 2031 and 2035. The updated NDC reaffirmed Chile's commitment to phase out coal power by 2040, and set a target of at least 80% renewable energy share in the electricity mix by 2030.
China 11/3/2025 China’s updated NDC, submitted in November 2025, pledged for the country to reduce its economy-wide net greenhouse gas emissions by 7–10% from "peak levels" by 2035. In addition, China aims to bring the installed capacity of wind and solar power to more than 3,600 GW and increase the share of its non-fossil energy supply to more than 30% of total energy consumption by 2035. At the UN General Assembly in September 2021, President Xi pledged that China “will not build new coal-fired power projects abroad”.
Colombia 12/19/2025 Colombia’s Paris climate pledge, laid out in the 2025 revision of its NDC report, committed the country to limit its 2035 emissions to a maximum of 155-161 Mt CO2eq. Colombia also aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
Côte d'Ivoire 10/29/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, Côte d'Ivoire made an unconditional commitment to reduce its emissions by 33.07% by 2035 compared to their Business-As-Usual (BAU) reference case. With international support, the country aims to reduce its emissions by 74.29% relative to BAU by 2035. Côte d'Ivoire also set a target of 46.3% renewable energy in its national electricity mix by 2035.
Croatia 11/5/2025 Croatia, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Czech Republic 11/5/2025 Czech Republic, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Denmark 11/5/2025 Denmark, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Djibouti 11/12/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Djibouti made an unconditional commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 41.3% by the year 2030 compared to 2000 levels. With sufficient international aid, Djibouti estimates that it could reduce emissions by an additional 23.7%, bringing its total potential emissions reduction to 65% by 2030.
Dominican Republic 12/29/2020 The Dominican Republic’s Paris climate pledge, laid out in its 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) report, calls for a 27% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 relative to business as usual, up from 25% in the original NDC.
DR Congo 12/28/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2021, the DRC committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 21% by the year 2030 compared to the business as usual scenario. This represents a reduction of up to 650 Mt CO2eq.
Egypt 6/26/2023 In its most recent NDC, submitted in June 2023, Egypt committed to a target of 37% GHG reduction in the electricity generation and distribution sector by 2030 relative to the business as usual scenario. The country also committed to a target of 65% GHG reduction in the oil and gas sector in the same time period relative to the business as usual scenario.
El Salvador 12/24/2025 El Salvador’s Paris climate pledge, laid out in the 2025 revision of its NDC report, made an unconditional commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% relative to Business-As-Usual (BAU) by 2035. Conditional on international support, El Salvador committed to reduce emissions by 15% relative to BAU by 2035.
Eswatini 9/22/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Eswatini made a commitment to reduce its economy-wide emissions by 2.24 Mt CO2eq below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2035. The country aims to use a combination of domestic resources and international support to achieve its target. Eswatini estimates their greenhouse gas emissions totaled a net sink of -2.78 Mt CO2eq in 2022.
Ethiopia 9/26/2025 Ethiopia's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, has two levels of commitments, depending on the amount of international aid received. Its unconditional commitment is to reduce emissions by 40.7% by 2035 compared to its Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU). Conditional on international aid, Ethiopia will reduce emissions by 70.3% by 2035 compared to BAU, bringing emissions down to 71 Mt CO2eq.
Finland 11/5/2025 Finland, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
France 11/5/2025 France, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Georgia 5/5/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in May 2021, Georgia committed to an unconditional emissions reduction target of 35% below 1990 levels by 2030. Conditional on international aid, Georgia committed to an emissions reduction target of 50-57% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
Germany 11/5/2025 Germany, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Ghana 11/4/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2021, Ghana made an unconditional commitment to achieve 8.5 Mt CO2eq GHG reductions by 2025 and a further 24.6 Mt CO2eq by 2030, compared to the 2020-2030 cumulative emissions estimate for a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario. Ghana also outlined 25 conditional programs of action that have the potential to achieve emissions reductions 16.7 Mt CO2eq by 2025 and 39.4 Mt CO2eq by 2030 compared to BAU, which it will implement if it receives sufficient international financial support. Ghana also aims to generate 10% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.
Greece 11/5/2025 Greece, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Guadeloupe N/A N/A
Guatemala 5/23/2022 In its most recent NDC, submitted in May 2022, Guatemala committed to reduce its emissions unconditionally by 11.2% below 2016 levels by 2030. With the support of the international community, this goal could conditionally increase to a 22.6% reduction within the same time period.
Guinea 11/6/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Guinea made an unconditional commitment to reducing its economy-wide GHG emissions by 17% by 2035 compared to 2020 levels. With international support, Guinea set a conditional target of reducing emissions by 49% by 2035.
Honduras 1/21/2026 Honduras' most recent NDC, submitted in January 2026, reaffirmed its goal of a 17% reduction by 2035 in greenhouse gas emissions relative to a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario. The updated NDC aims for a total economy-wide emissions reduction of 8.56 MtCO2eq by 2035. The country's commitment is conditional on climate financing under the Paris Agreement.
Hong Kong N/A N/A
Hungary 11/5/2025 Hungary, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
India 10/2/2016 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2016, India committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% below 2005 levels by 2030. It also aims to generate 40% of its power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. India plans to "continue to dominate power generation in future," but has mandated that all new coal plants use supercritical technology. In 2016, India had also established a tax of INR 200 (USD 3.2) per tonne of coal, which generated INR 170.84 billion (USD 2.7 billion) that was used on renewable energy projects.
Indonesia 10/27/2025 Indonesia's most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, sets a target of reaching peak greenhouse gas emissions in 2030, and limiting emissions to 1.26-1.49 Mt CO2eq by 2035. Indonesia also committed to generate at least 23% of its energy from renewable energy by 2030 and at least 72% in 2060.
Iran N/A N/A
Ireland 11/5/2025 Ireland, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Israel 7/29/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in July 2021, Israel committed to an unconditional absolute greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goal of 27% below 2015 levels by 2030, and an unconditional absolute GHG emissions reduction goal for 2050 of 85% below 2015 levels. Israel's 2015 emissions were estimated at 79 Mt CO2eq. In addition, "in recognition of the desirability of a net-zero emissions goal by 2050," Israel will periodically revise its 2050 commitments. In the energy sector, Israel committed to phase out coal-fired power generation no later than 2026 and determined targets for a renewable power generation share of 20% in 2025 and 30% in 2030.
Italy 11/5/2025 Italy, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Jamaica 9/22/2025 Jamaica's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, increased its emissions reduction targets and expanded its scope of sectors to include energy, land use change and forestry, and industry. The NDC has two levels of commitments, depending on the amount of international aid received. Including the forestry sector, its unconditional commitment is to reduce emissions by 33.8% below a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2035, while its commitment conditional on international aid is an emissions reduction of 47.1% below BAU by 2035.
Japan 2/18/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in February 2025, Japan committed to reduce its emissions by 60% below 2013 levels by 2035. By 2040, the country aims to reduce emissions by 73% below 2013 levels. Japan has also committed to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
Kazakhstan 11/26/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Kazakhstan made an unconditional commitment to reduce emissions by 17% below 1990 levels by 2035. Kazakhstan made a conditional commitment to reduce emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2035, which it will achieve if it receives sufficient international financial support.
Kenya 4/30/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in April 2025, Kenya committed to reduce emissions by 35% by 2035 below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU), in which emissions would have reached 215 Mt CO2eq. Kenya has committed to provide domestic financing to cover 20% of the investment cost needed to achieve this level of emissions reductions, and will depend on international aid to cover the remainder.
Kosovo N/A N/A
Kyrgyzstan 10/2/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, Kyrgyzstan made an unconditional commitment to reduce emissions by 16% by 2035 below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU). If it receives sufficient international aid, Kyrgyzstan will reduce emissions by 39% below BAU by 2035.
Laos 5/11/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in July 2020, Laos made an unconditional commitment is to reduce emissions by 60% below a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030, which would translate to an emissions reduction of 62 Mt CO2eq in 2030. In the energy sector, Laos made an unconditional commitment to increase hydropower generation capacity from 4.5 GW to 13 GW by 2030. It also made a commitment to install 1 GW of solar and wind energy capacity by 2030, conditional on international financial support.
Latvia 11/5/2025 Latvia, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Madagascar 1/29/2024 Madagascar's most recent NDC, submitted in January 2024, commits the country to emissions reductions of 28% below its Business-As-Usual Scenario. Madagascar also aims to produce 80% of its electricity from renewable sources.
Malawi 7/30/2021 Malawi's most recent NDC, submitted in July 2021, has two levels of commitments, depending on the amount of international aid received. Its unconditional commitment is to reduce emissions by 6% below a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2040, which would lead to an emissions reduction of 2.1 Mt CO2eq in that year. Its commitment conditional on international aid is an emissions reduction of 51% below BAU by 2040, which would result in an emissions reduction of 17.7 Mt CO2eq. Malawi's adoption of renewable energy technology is contingent on international aid as well.
Malaysia 10/24/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, Malaysia intended to peak its greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 and reduce its absolute emissions by 15-30 Mt CO2eq from peak levels by 2035. With international support, the country aims to reduce economy-wide emissions by an additional 10 Mt CO2eq. The NDC also states that Malaysia has no new coal planned.
Mauritius 9/29/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Mauritius committed to an economy-wide emissions reduction of 40% by 2035 below its Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU), in which the country would have emitted 7.4 Mt CO2eq in that year. Mauritius also committed to phase out coal from its electricity sector before 2035 and to generate 60% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2035.
Mexico 11/17/2025 Mexico's most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, has two levels of commitments, depending on the amount of international aid received. Its unconditional commitment is to limit emissions to 364–404 Mt CO2eq in 2035, while its commitment conditional on international aid is to limit emissions to 332–363 Mt CO2eq by 2035. Mexico also aims to generate 43.3% of its energy from clean sources by 2035. The country has committed to reaching net-zero emissions by 2050.
Moldova 5/6/2025 Moldova's most recent NDC, submitted in May 2025, set an economy-wide unconditional target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in 2035 by 75% below 1990 levels. As a participating country in the Global Methane Pledge, Moldova aimed to reduce its net methane emissions by 68% below 1990 levels by 2035.
Mongolia 9/24/2025 Mongolia's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, committed the country to an unconditional emissions reduction of 30.3% (24.7 Mt CO2eq) below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2035. This commitment excludes the land use, land use change, and forestry sector. With international support and increased carbon sequestration from forests, Mongolia estimated that its total emissions could be reduced by 52.8% below BAU by 2035.
Montenegro 2/21/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in February 2025, Montenegro committed to an emissions reduction of 55% below 1990 levels by 2030, up from the 35% emissions reduction pledged in 2021. By 2035, the country committed to reducing emissions by 60% below 1990 levels. While Montenegro's previous NDC excluded land use, land-use change, and forestry from its emissions targets, its latest NDC includes all economic sectors.
Morocco 9/30/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Morocco committed to an unconditional emissions reduction of 21.6% by 2035 relative to a Business-As-Usual scenario. With international support, the country targets an additional emissions reduction of 31.4%, for a total mitigation potential of 53% reduced emissions by 2035. Morocco also set an unconditional target to phase out coal from electricity generation in the 2040s. With additional support, the country plans to phase out coal power by 2040.
Mozambique 11/5/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Mozambique committed to reducing its emissions by 15–25% relative to 2020 levels by 2035.
Myanmar 8/3/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in August 2021, Myanmar committed to total emissions reductions of 244.52 Mt CO2eq unconditionally by 2030, and a total of 414.75 Mt CO2eq by 2030 subject to conditions of international finance and technical support. Myanmar also aims to increase its total share of renewable energy to 53.5% (from 2,000 MW to 3,070 MW) by 2030, and to decrease the share of coal by 73.5% (from 7,940 MW to 2,120 MW) by 2030.
Namibia 1/17/2024 In Namibia's 2023 update to its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission under the Paris agreement, submitted in January 2024, the country aims to increase its sink capacity by 13.1% (11.9 Mt CO2eq) compared to the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) in 2030.
Netherlands 11/5/2025 Netherlands, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
New Zealand 1/31/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in January 2025, New Zealand commits to an emissions reduction of 51-55% below gross 2005 levels by 2030. New Zealand is targeting net-zero emissions by 2050, with the exception of biogenic methane emissions, which will be reduced 24 to 47% below 2017 levels.
Niger 12/13/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2021, Niger updated and improved operationalization of their emissions reductions targets. The country committed to an unconditional emissions reduction in the energy sector of 10.6% and a conditional target of 45% in the same time frame.
Nigeria 9/22/2025 Nigeria's most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, committed the country to reduce its economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 32% (184.9 Mt CO2eq) relative to 2018 levels by 2035. The country aims to use domestic resources to meet 20% of its commitment, with the remaining 80% of its reduction goal contingent on international support. In the energy sector, Nigeria set a target of 50% renewable energy share in the generation mix by 2030, up from 30% in the country's previous NDC.
North Korea 9/19/2019 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2019, North Korea made an unconditional commitment to reduce its emissions by 16.4% below a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030, which would translate to an emissions reduction of 35.8 Mt CO2eq in that year. Conditional on international financial aid, North Korea will reduce its emissions by an additional 78.8 Mt CO2eq in 2030.
North Macedonia 4/16/2021 North Macedonia's most recent NDC, submitted in April 2021, commits the country to a 51% emissions reduction below 1990 levels by 2030. North Macedonia also commits to a renewable share of 66% in gross electricity production.
Oman 11/29/2023 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2023, Oman committed to a 21% emissions reduction by 2030 below its Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU). Under BAU, Oman would emit 106 Mt CO2eq. Of the 21% GHG reduction commitment, 7% is based on national efforts, and the remaining 14% depends on international financial support. Oman also committed to increasing its share of renewable energy production to 20% by 2030 and 35-39% in 2040. Oman pledged to become carbon neutral by 2050.
Pakistan 9/24/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Pakistan committed to a 50% emissions reduction by 2035 below its Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU). 17% of this reduction would come from domestic resources, and 33% is dependent on international financial aid and access to affordable technologies. Under BAU, Pakistan would emit 2,559 Mt CO2eq. The country also set a target to generate 62% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2035.
Panama 11/27/2025 Panama's Paris climate pledge, updated in its NDC report from November 2025, calls for an unconditional 11% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide by 2035. With international support, the country aims to reduce emissions by up to an additional 6%. In its 2024 NDC, Panama called for the elimination of coal-fired power generation by 2026.
Papua New Guinea 12/16/2020 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2020, Papua New Guinea committed to be 50% carbon neutral by 2030 and entirely carbon neutral by 2050. Papua New Guinea also committed to generate 78% of its energy from renewables by 2030.
Peru 11/6/2025 Peru’s Paris climate pledge, laid out in its NDC report from November 2025, calls for the country's GHG emissions not to exceed 179 Mt CO2eq in 2035, conditional on international support. The updated NDC also includes a commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
Philippines 4/15/2021 In its first NDC, submitted in April 2021, the Philippines committed to a 75% emissions reduction by 2030 below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU). Of the 75% emissions reduction, 2.71% is unconditional, and 72.29% is conditional on international financial support. Under BAU, the Philippines would emit a total of 3,340.3 Mt CO2eq from 2020 to 2030.
Poland 11/5/2025 Poland, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Portugal 11/5/2025 Portugal, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Romania 11/5/2025 Romania, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Russia 9/29/2025 In its second NDC, submitted in September 2025, Russia committed to reduce its emissions by 65-70% below 1990 levels by 2035.
Senegal 12/29/2020 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2020, Senegal committed to a 7% emissions reduction by 2030 below its business as usual scenario. With the support of the international community, this goal could conditionally increase to a 29% reduction within the same time period.
Serbia 9/12/2025 In its updated NDC, submitted in September 2025, Serbia committed to reduce its emissions by 40.1% below 1990 levels by 2035. This conditional target is dependent on available financial resources, and represents an increase from a commitment of 9.8% in 2017.
Slovakia 11/5/2025 Slovakia, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Slovenia 11/5/2025 Slovenia, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
South Africa 10/24/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, South Africa aimed to limit its annual greenhouse gas emissions within the range of 320-380 Mt CO2eq in 2035.
South Korea 12/26/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2025, South Korea committed to reduce its emissions by 53-61% below 2018 levels by 2035. South Korea also aims to increase its share of renewable energy to at least 30% by 2035 and to phase out coal by 2040.
Spain 11/5/2025 Spain, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Sri Lanka 9/25/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in September 2025, Sri Lanka made an unconditional commitment to reduce its emissions by 8.11% by 2035 below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU), and to reduce its emissions by an additional 11.98% conditional on international financial aid. Sri Lanka expects to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. It also aims to generate 70% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.
Sudan 9/22/2022 In its updated NDC, submitted in September 2022, Sudan committed to a 38% reduction in emissions from the energy (non-biomass) sector in the period from 2021-2030. Under a Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU), Sudan would emit 33.2 Mt CO2eq in the energy sector. The country also aims to construct utility-scale wind and solar plants to displace 5,056 GW of fossil-fired electricity.
Sweden 11/5/2025 Sweden, as an EU member state, signed the EU's most recent NDC from November 2025, in which the EU pledged to reduce net emissions by 66.25–72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035; it is also adhering to the EU goal of net-zero by 2050. The EU aims for renewable energy sources to make up at least 42.5% of total energy consumption by 2030, with an "additional endeavor" to reach 45% by 2030.
Syria 3/13/2019 Syria's most recent NDC does not contain economy-wide emissions reductions targets. Syria expects to generate 10% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 if it receives sufficient international financial support.
Taiwan N/A N/A
Tajikistan 10/12/2021 In its most recent NDC, submitted in October 2021, Tajikistan made an unconditional commitment to reduce emissions by 30-40% below 1990 levels by 2030, and a commitment to reduce emissions by 40-50% by 2030 conditional on international financial support.
Tanzania 7/30/2021 Tanzania's most recent NDC, submitted in July 2021, commits the country to a 30-35% emissions reduction by 2030 relative to the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU), which would result in a cumulative emissions reduction of 138-153 Mt CO2eq.
Thailand 11/4/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Thailand committed to an economy-wide emissions reduction of 47% below 2019 levels by 2035, bringing net GHG emissions to 152 Mt CO2eq.
Türkiye 11/9/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, Türkiye committed to reduce its emissions by 466 Mt CO2eq below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) and limit emissions to 643 Mt CO2eq in 2035. The latest NDC also reaffirmed Türkiye's goal of net-zero by 2053.
Ukraine 11/11/2025 Ukraine's most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, commits the country to an emissions reduction of at least 65% below 1990 levels by 2035. The country has set a target to reach carbon neutrality in 2060.
United Arab Emirates 11/6/2024 In its third NDC, submitted in November 2024, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) committed to a 47% reduction in emissions by 2035, compared to the 2019 levels of 196.3 Mt CO2eq. The UAE has also set a target of tripling its renewable energy capacity and increasing its proportion of clean energy to 30% by 2030.
United Kingdom 1/30/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in January 2025, the United Kingdom committed to reduce its emissions by at least 81% below 1990 levels by 2030. The UK has also committed to a legally-binding target of reaching net-zero emissions by 2050.
United States 12/19/2024 In its most recent NDC, submitted in December 2024, the United States committed to reduce emissions by 61-66% below 2005 levels by 2035. The country had previously aimed to reduce emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030. The United States has also set a goal of generating 100% of its electricity from carbon pollution-free sources by 2035. Although the targets in its NDC put the US on a trajectory to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, the US does not firmly commit to this net-zero target.
Uzbekistan 11/6/2025 Uzbekistan's most recent NDC, submitted in November 2025, commits the country to an emissions reduction of 50% per unit of GDP by 2035. Uzbekistan also committed to generate at least 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.
Venezuela 10/28/2025 Venezuela’s Paris climate pledge, laid out in its NDC reports from 2017 through 2025, calls for a 20% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and prioritizes the use of renewables and gas over coal and other fossil fuels.
Vietnam 8/11/2022 In its most recent NDC, submitted in November 2022, Vietnam committed to reduce its emissions by 15.8% below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030, with a possibility of a 43.5% emissions reduction below BAU contingent on sufficient international aid. This was up from 9% and 27% respectively, which was submitted in September 2020.
Zambia 10/28/2025 Zambia's most recent NDC, submitted in October 2025, committed the country to an emissions reduction of 25% below the Business-As-Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030 with limited international support, or an emissions reduction of 47% under BAU with substantial international support. The latest NDC added more economic sectors to its scope, including tourism, industrial processes and product use, infrastructure, and water security.
Zimbabwe 2/10/2025 In its most recent NDC, submitted in February 2025, Zimbabwe recommitted to an emissions reduction of 40% below the Business-As-Usual Scenario by 2030.

Articles and Resources

Making a better coal phaseout plan

There are many ways coal phaseout plans can and must be improved. For example, national governments can take cues from Urgewald's recommendations for corporate coal phaseout plans:[162]

  • Go beyond country-level exit dates and provide specific closure plans for each coal-fired power station in the country's fleet. This can help operators, workers, and communities plan for change, and help governments see if they're staying on track with their commitments.
  • Create Just Transition plans in collaboration with worker unions and local communities. Address community concerns about employment, retraining, economic impacts, and environmental hazards from closed coal plants.
  • Replace coal with renewable solutions—wind, solar, and energy storage. Fuels like fossil gas, biomass, ammonia, or fossil-based hydrogen still have high carbon footprints that will make it harder to attain net zero goals.

Recommended resources

References

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  144. ↑ "Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the DPRK," Democratic People's Republic of Korea, September 19, 2019
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  146. ↑ "ADB sets plan to end Indonesia, Philippines coal plants," Argus Media, November 3, 2021
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  157. ↑ "Turkey balks at coal phaseout amid growing energy woes," Al-Monitor, March 4, 2022
  158. ↑ "Uzbekistan pledges to reach carbon neutrality by 2050," Enerdata, February 5, 2021
  159. ↑ "Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement," Government of the United Kingdom, November 4, 2021
  160. ↑ "Insight: In Zimbabwe, coal power project seeks other backing after China's U-turn," Reuters, March 30, 2022
  161. ↑ "Nationally Determined Contributions Registry," United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  162. ↑ "7 Criteria for a Credible Coal Phase-Out Plan," Global Coal Exit List, Urgewald, accessed November 8, 2023

About the Global Coal Plant Tracker

To access additional data, including an interactive map of coal-fired power stations, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

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