China–Russia East Pipeline

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China–Russia East Pipeline 中俄东线天然气管道 is a series of natural gas pipelines in China. On 2 December 2024, the China–Russia East Pipeline was fully completed, increasing its annual transmission capacity to 38 billion cubic meters.[1]


Location

The trunk pipeline (Phases I, II, and III) runs from Heihe, Heilongjiang to Shanghai, China.[2]

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Background

The proposal to build a gas pipeline delivering natural gas from Russia to China began in 1996. In May 2014, after 17 years of negotiation, the two countries signed Memorandum of Cooperation on China-Russia East Gas Pipeline (《中俄东线天然气合作项目备忘录》). China National Petroleum Corporation and Gazprom also signed the Purchase and Sales Contract for the pipeline. The contract covers 30 years of supply with 38 billion cubic meters per year. The total value of the contract is reportedly $400 billion.[3][4]

The pipeline's source is the Power of Siberia Gas Pipeline. In October 2020, ownership of the pipeline was transferred from CNPC to PipeChina.[5]

The China–Russia East Pipeline starts from Heihe in Heilongjiang and extends south to Shanghai, passing through nine provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, with a total length of 5,111 kilometers. It was approved for construction in three sections: the northern section (Heihe, Heilongjiang – Changling, Jilin), the central section (Changling, Jilin – Yongqing, Hebei), and the southern section (Yongqing, Hebei – Shanghai). The northern and central sections were completed and put into operation on December 2, 2019, and December 3, 2020, respectively. Construction of the southern section officially began on January 6, 2021, and on December 2, 2024, the entire pipeline was fully completed and connected. [1][6]

Project details

China–Russia East Pipeline 中俄东线天然气管道

  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Company. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司[5]
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 38 bcm/year[1]
  • Diameter:
  • Length: 5111 kilometers[6]
  • Status: Operating[1]
  • Start year: 2024[1]
  • Cost:

North Segment (Blagoveshchensk, Russia - Heihe - Changling)中俄东线天然气管道北段（黑河-长岭）

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According to the Environmental Impact Assessment of Phase I, it consists one trunk line and one branch. The length is 737 kilometers for the trunk line from Heihe to Changling, and 115 km for the branch from Changling to Changchun. [7] On the news of its operation on December 2, 2019, however, the length was reportedly 1047 kilometers, and there are three branches instead of one. [8] The other two branches are Daqing - Harbin branch and Mingshui - Harbin branch.

  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Company. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司[5]
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 38 bcm/y[7]
  • Diameter: 1422 mm[9]
  • Length: 1067 kilometers[7]
  • Status: Operating[2]
  • Start year: 2019[10]
  • Cost: 19.275 billion yuan

Changling-Changchun Branch 长岭-长春支线[11]

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新建长岭-长春支线。该支线起自干线长岭分输站,止于长春分输清管站,全长 115km,设计输量 114×108m3/a,设计压力 10MPa,管径 1016mm。该支线在长春与在建沈阳-长春天然气管道连接,构成俄气南下通道之一。[7]

  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Co., Ltd. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司
  • parent company: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 11.4 bcm/y
  • Length: 109 km
  • Diameter: 1016 mm
  • Status: Operating
  • Start year: 2019[12]
  • Cost:


China-Russia East Pipeline Daqing–Harbin Branch 中俄东线输气管道大庆-哈尔滨支线

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  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Co., Ltd. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 1 bcm/y[13]
  • Diameter: 711 mm[14]
  • Length: 132 km (Daqing-Shuanghe 54km), (Shuanghe-Dongguan 78km)[14]
  • Status: Operating[15]
  • Start year: 2023[15]
  • Cost: 271 million RMB[16]

China-Russia East Gas Pipeline Mingshui–Harbin Branch 中俄东线输气管道明水-哈尔滨支线（明哈支线）[17]

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  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Co., Ltd. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司
  • parent company: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 1 bcm/y
  • Length: 171.23 km[18]
  • Diameter: 559 mm
  • Status: Operating
  • Start year: 2020[18]
  • Cost: 810 million RMB[19]

Nenjiang Branch(Fuyu-Nenjiang) 中俄东线嫩江支线（富裕-嫩江）[20][21]

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The pipeline is located in Qiqihar and Heihe in Heilongjiang Province. It starts from the Fuyu Distribution Piggy Station of the Qiqihar Branch of the China-Russia East Pipeline, passes through the Laha Distribution Piggy Station, and reaches the Nenjiang Terminal Station. 该管道位于黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔市和黑河市境内。她起于中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线的富裕分输清管站，途经拉哈分输站、讷河分输清管站，抵达嫩江末站。[20]

  • Owner: National Pipe Network Group North Pipeline Co., Ltd. 国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司北方管道公司[20]
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 0.863 billion cubic meter per year[22]
  • Length: 195 km[22]
  • Diameter: 508 mm (Fuyu-Nehe)/219.1 mm(Nehe-Nenjiang)[20]
  • Status: Construction[22]
  • Start year:
  • Cost: 580 million RMB[23]

Middle Segment (Changling to Yongqing中俄东线天然气管道中段（长岭-永清）

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According to the EIA approval document, the middile segment starts from Changling, Jilin, and ends in Yongqing, Hebei, with total length of 1110 kilometers. The total budget for the middle segment is 18.83 billion yuan. [24]

  • Owner: PipeChina North Pipeline Company. 国家管网集团北方管道有限责任公司[5]
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 25.8/18.7 bcm/y[25]
  • Diameter: 1219 mm[9]
  • Length: 1110 km[25]
  • Status: Operating[25][10]
  • Start year: 2020[10][26]
  • Cost: 18.83 billion RMB[24]

South Segment (Yongqing to Shanghai)中俄东线天然气管道南段（永清-上海）

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The pipeline starts from the Yongqing Liaison Compressor Station in Langfang City, Hebei Province, passes through Hebei Province, Shandong Province, and Jiangsu Province, and ends at the Baihe Terminal Station of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project in Qingpu District, Shanghai. 该项目起自河北省廊坊市永清联络压气站（不含），途经河北省、山东省、江苏省，止于西气东输管道工程位于上海市青浦区的白鹤末站（不含）。[27]

  • Owner:Construction Project Management Branch of China National Petroleum Pipeline Network Group Co., Ltd. 国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司建设项目管理分公司
  • Parent: PipeChina[5]
  • Capacity: 18.9 bcm/y[28]
  • Diameter:
  • Length: 1509 km[29]
  • Status: Operating[30]
  • Start year: 2024[30]
  • Cost: 31 billion RMB[31]

Kesan-Qiqihar gas pipeline 中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线（克山-齐齐哈尔）[32]

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The pipeline is located in Heilongjiang Province. It starts from the HC11# Valve Room of the China-Russia East Pipeline, passes through Kedong First Station, Keshan Distribution Station, Yi'an Distribution Station, Fufu Distribution Piggy Station, and finally enters Qiqihar Distribution Station.该管道位于黑龙江省。它起于中俄东线HC11#阀室，途经克东首站、克山分输站、依安分输站、富裕分输清管站，最后进入齐齐哈尔分输站。[32]

  • Owner: National Pipe Network Group North Pipeline Co., Ltd. 国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司北方管道公司[33]
  • Parent: PipeChina
  • Capacity: 1.634 bcm/year[34]
  • Length: 198 km[34]
  • Diameter: 508 mm/406.4 mm[35]
  • Status: Operating[34]
  • Start year: 2024[34]
  • Cost: 736.86 million RMB[36]

Harbin North Branch 中俄东线输气管道哈北支线 （呼兰-道里）

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The pipeline starts from the Hulan First Station in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, passes through the Hulan District, Songbei District and Daoli District of the city, and ends at the Daoli Terminal Station in the city. 该管道起自黑龙江哈尔滨市的呼兰首站，经过该市的呼兰区、松北区和道里区，止于位于该市的道里末站。[37]

  • Owner: Heilongjiang Branch of PetroChina Kunlun Gas Co., Ltd. 中石油昆仑燃气有限公司黑龙江分公司[37]
  • Parent: PetroChina
  • Capacity: 1.734 bcm/y[38]
  • Length: 57.4 km[38]
  • Diameter: 457 mm[38]
  • Status: Operating
  • Start year: 2021
  • Cost: 160.16 million RMB[39]


Suihua-Yichun Gas Pipeline 中俄东线伊春支线天然气管道工程（绥化-铁力）

This pipeline is also known as the China-Russia East Pipeline Yichun Branch Gas Pipeline Project (Suihua-Tieli).

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The pipeline starts from the Suihua Terminal Station of the Mingshui-Harbin Branch of the China-Russia East Pipeline, passes through Beilin District and Qing'an County of Suihua City, and ends at the Tieli Distributing Station in Tieli City, Yichun City. 该管道起于中俄东线明水-哈尔滨支线的绥化末站，途径绥化市北林区、庆安县，止于伊春市铁力市的铁力分输站。[40]

  • Owner: National Pipe Network Group North Pipeline Co., Ltd.[41]
  • Parent:
  • Capacity: 0.15 billion cubic meters per year[41]
  • Length: 229 km[41]
  • Diameter: 219.1 mm[40]
  • Status: Proposed[42]
  • Start year:
  • Cost: 1.4 billion RMB[41]


Hulunbuir Branch 中俄东线天然气管道呼伦贝尔支线

The Hulunbuir Segment was proposed in the Inner Mongolia 14th Five-Year Plan to connect the China–Russia East Pipeline to the Hulunbuir region in northeastern Inner Mongolia. As of October 2021, no pipeline details were available, and the route below is an approximation.

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  • Owner:
  • parent:
  • Capacity: 0.75[13]
  • Length: 650 km[24]
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Proposed[43]
  • Start year:
  • Cost: 2.65 billion RMB[24]

Sishui–Jining Gas Pipeline 济宁支线 (中俄东线输气管道济宁支线)

Sishui-Jining Gas Pipeline is a branch of China–Russia East Pipeline. [44]It began construction on December 30, 2020.

The pipeline runs from Sishui to Jining in Shandong Province.

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  • Owner: Jining PetroChina Kunlun Energy Co., Ltd. 济宁中石油昆仑能源有限公司[45]
  • Parent Company: KUNLUN ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED 60%, Shandong Jingshan Petrochemicals Co., Ltd. 40%
  • Capacity: 3 billion cubic meters /year[46]
  • Length: 168.8 km[47]
  • Diameter: 508 mm[48]
  • Status: Construction[48]
  • Start Year:
  • Cost:1.25 billion RMB[48]

Xiangshui Branch 中俄东线响水支线

It passes through Guannan County of Lianyungang City and Xiangshui County of Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province.[49]

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  • Operator:
  • Owner: National Petroleum and Natural Gas Pipeline Network Corporation West-East Gas Transmission Company（国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司西气东输分公司）[49]
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity: 0.61 billion cubic meters per year[50]
  • Length: 25.8 kilometers[49][51]
  • Diameter: 300mm[51]
  • Status: Proposed[49][51]
  • Start year:
  • Cost: 217 million RMB[52]

Wudalianchi-Nenjiang Gas Pipeline 五大连池-嫩江输气管道

  • Operator:
  • Owner:
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity:
  • Length:
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Cancelled
  • Start year:
  • Cost:

Suibei Branch 中俄东线绥北支线[53]

  • Operator: PetroChina Kunlun Gas and Electricity Co., Ltd.
  • Owner: PetroChina Kunlun Gas and Electricity Co., Ltd.
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity: 0.065 bcm/year
  • Length: 9 km
  • Diameter: 219.1 mm
  • Status: Construction[54]
  • Start year:
  • Cost: 49.64 million RMB

Mingshui Branch 明水支线[55][56]

  • Operator:
  • Owner:
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity: 1.00 bcm/year
  • Length: 177 km
  • Diameter: 559mm /219.1 mm
  • Status: Construction[57]
  • Start year:
  • Cost:

Liaocheng Branch (Dezhou-Liaocheng) 中俄东线聊城支线（德州-聊城）

  • Operator: PipeChina (国家管网集团）[58]
  • Owner: PipeChina (国家管网集团）[58]
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity:
  • Length: 143.5 km[58]
  • Diameter: 700mm[58]
  • Status: Proposed[58][59]
  • Start year:
  • Cost:

Articles and resources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "人民日报：中俄东线天然气管道今天全线贯通". 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2025-09-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 这条世界最长输气管道今天通气, 对中国意味着很多 第—财经], Dec. 2, 2019, accessed Aug. 19, 2021.
  3. ↑ "中俄4千亿天然气大单背后：十年谈判终妥协_全球速报_澎湃新闻-The Paper". www.thepaper.cn. 2014-05-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ "中俄天然气管道这些年-中国能源网". www.china5e.com. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 重磅：国家管网正式运营, dy.163.com, Oct. 9, 2020
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 ""北气南下" 东部能源通道全面贯通 实现俄气入沪". 2022-12-09. Retrieved 2025-09-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 中俄东线天然气管道工程(黑河-长岭)环境影响报告书, 生态环境部, Oct. 2016, accessed Aug. 19, 2021.
  8. ↑ "俄罗斯天然气通过中俄东线天然气管道正式进入中国_滚动新闻_中国政府网 吴啸浪". www.gov.cn. 2019-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 中俄东线天然气管道中段正式投产运营, Dec. 3, 2020, accessed Aug. 21, 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 中俄东线天然气管道南段全面开工, 北京日报 (Beijing Daily), Jan. 8, 2021, accessed Aug. 19, 2021.
  11. ↑ "中俄东线首条支线开工--能源--人民网". energy.people.com.cn. 2018-04-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ "写在中俄东线天然气管道即将投产通气之际--中国石油新闻中心". news.cnpc.com.cn. 2019-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "水规总院关于中俄东线天然气管道工程 (黑河-长岭) 明水-哈尔滨, 大庆-哈尔滨 支线水土保持方案报告书技术审查意见的报告" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-10-25. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "中俄东线天然气管道工程(大庆-哈尔滨支线) 环境影响评价第一次公示". 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "国家管网集团护航亚冬会期间安全平稳用气". 2025-02-14. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ↑ "中俄东线天然气管道工程（大庆~哈尔滨支线）水土保持监测总结报告" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ "中俄东线明水支线站场分输设计的影响因素及建议" (PDF). 2018-02. Retrieved 2024-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "中俄东线明水—哈尔滨支线投产". Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  19. ↑ 黑龙江绥化市中俄东线天然气管道工程明水-哈尔滨支线项目, 招标与采购网，2020-07-07
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司北方管道公司"中俄东线嫩江支线天然气管道工程"环境影响评价公众参与第一次公示". www.hljnews.cn. 2022-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ↑ "中俄东线嫩江支线天然气管道工程开工". 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "中俄东线嫩江支线天然气管道工程开工". 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市富裕县中俄东线嫩江支线项目". 2023-02-21. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "生态环境部关于中俄东线天然气管道工程（长岭-永清）建设项目环境影响评价文件拟进行审查公示_中华人民共和国生态环境部". www.mee.gov.cn. 2019-04-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 中俄东线天然气管道中段开工建设 计划于2020年10月建成 央视网 (CCTV), Jul. 4, 2019, accessed Aug. 21, 2021.
  26. ↑ "中俄东线天然气管道中段正式投产运营_滚动新闻_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  27. ↑ "关于中俄东线天然气管道工程（永清—上海）环境影响报告书的批复". www.mee.gov.cn. 2020-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "人民网：提高环渤海地区能源供给能力 中俄东线天然气管道（河北安平-山东泰安）投产". 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ "北京日报：中俄东线天然气管道南段全面开工". 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "中俄东线天然气管道全线贯通". 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "国家重大国际能源合作项目全面开工建设". 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线天然气管道工程_电力招投标信息网". www.cnpowerbid.com. 2022-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ↑ "大事件：中俄东线天然气管道在咱家门口开工". 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 "中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线成功投产，国家管网首个智慧无人站同步"上线"". 2024-11-08. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ "公告-中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线天然气管道工程站场施工招标项目". 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ↑ 大事件：中俄东线天然气管道在咱家门口开工, 鹤城晚报, 2022-09-27
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "中俄东线齐齐哈尔支线天然气管道工程线路施工招标项目(变更)公告-管道商务网". www.chinapipe.net. 2022-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 俄气入哈！哈北支线年底建成, 哈尔滨发布, 2020-10-17
  39. ↑ 中俄东线明哈支线天然气管道哈尔滨市哈北支线工程, 电力招标网，2023-08-04
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 中俄东线伊春支线天然气管道工程（绥化-铁力）环境影响评价第一次公示, 黑龙江新闻网, 2022-09-20
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "中石油管道北方分公司中俄东线伊春支线项目". 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ↑ 2024年政府工作报告, 铁力市人民政府, 2024-01-12
  43. ↑ 幸福家园 国企护航⑪丨坚守国企担当 书写奋进答卷——呼伦贝尔城投集团扎实推进高质量发展, 呼伦贝尔新闻, 2023-11-22
  44. ↑ "中俄东线济宁支线天然气管道项目年内开工-新闻-能源资讯-中国能源网". www.china5e.com. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  45. ↑ "中俄东线济宁支线天然气管道与干线成功贯通". 2024-10-24. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ↑ "中俄东线济宁支线天然气管道项目开工 年输气量30亿方". 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ↑ "中俄东线济宁支线天然气管道与干线成功贯通". 2024-10-24. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "中俄东线济宁支线天然气管道项目全线开工". 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2025-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 中俄东线响水支线工程, 江苏省自然资源厅, 2023-10-7
  50. ↑ "中俄东线响水支线项目、广东省天然气管网华能龙塘专线项目EPC总承包招标变更公告". 2025-04-10. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司西气东输分公司中俄东线响水支线工程". 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ↑ "国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司西气东输分公司中俄东线响水支线工程". 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "中俄东线明哈支线天然气管道绥北支线工程项目环境影响评价公众参与说明" (PDF). 2022-04. Retrieved 2024-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ↑ "黑龙江省"气化龙江"项目建设步伐加快". 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2024-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ↑ "中俄东线明水支线站场分输设计的影响因素及建议" (PDF). 2018-02. Retrieved 2024-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ↑ "黑龙江绥化市："十四五"加快推进建设一批风电、光伏项目". 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-08-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ↑ "黑龙江省"气化龙江"项目建设步伐加快". 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 "国家管网集团工程技术创新有限公司中俄东线聊城支线项目可行性研究技术咨询项目招标公告". 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. ↑ "聊城市人民政府办公室关于印发聊城市实施扩大内需战略行动方案的通知" (PDF). 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2025-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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