Vietnam Offshore Wind Development
| This article is part of the Global Energy Transition Tracker project sponsored by Global Energy Monitor |
Introduction
Vietnam, a net coal importer, currently mostly relies on coal for electricity generation. The ambitious Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8), approved in May 2023, plans to increase the share of renewables (wind, solar, and hydro) to 46.5% by 2030 and reach Net Zero by 2050. Offshore wind targets for 2030 are comparatively modest at 6 GW and 4% of the energy mix, to be increased by 16% in 2050. Currently, in-development offshore wind projects account for 43.4% of all in-development projects, followed by 42.5% of gas-fired capacity. The lack of a regulatory and legal framework to facilitate the development of offshore wind power appears to delay the progress.
Current System Description
Current Power Capacity Mix
Table 1. Operating installed capacity by source (GEM, April 2024)
| Source | Power stations (N) | Unit/phase (N) | Capacity (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coal | 24 | 76 | 27,239 |
| Gas | 10 | 16 | 8,146 |
| Hydropower | 52 | n/a | 14,749 |
| Solar | 137 | 166 | 13,100.4 |
| Onshore wind | 52 | 71 | 4,381 |
| Offshore wind | 24 | 42 | 2,085 |
| Total | 69,635 |
Prospective Capacity Mix
Table 2. In-development installed capacity by source (GEM, April 2024)
| Source | Power stations (N) | Unit/phase (N) | Capacity (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coal | 7 | 13 | 7,893 |
| Gas | 22 | 41 | 44,164 |
| Hydropower | 4 | n/a | 2,882 |
| Solar | 63 | 77 | 10,195 |
| Onshore wind | 45 | 53 | 3,839 |
| Offshore wind | 54 | 90 | 72,078 |
| Bioenergy | 3 | 4 | 127 |
| Total | 141,178 |
Table 2 and Chart 2 present data on in-development power units in Vietnam: projects with the statuses of announced, pre-construction, and construction.
The data for the above tables and charts are sourced from the Global Coal Plant Tracker,[1] Global Gas Plant Tracker,[2] Global Hydropower Tracker,[3] Global Solar Power Tracker,[4] Global Wind Power Tracker, [5] and Global Bioenergy Power Tracker.[6] Note, GEM Trackers are not comprehensive, see methodologies.
Renewable Energy in Vietnam
Renewable Targets
National Electricity Development Plan For 2021 – 2030 / Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8)
Vietnam has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, enshrined in law in 2022.[7] The country's Eighth National Electricity Development Plan (PDP8) outlines changes to electricity and energy use laws, with a separate law for renewable energy. The Plan outlines goals to increase wind and solar generation to around 40GW by 2030, accounting for 27% of the national total capacity, and around 298GW to 357GW by 2050, accounting for over 60% of the national total. Besides targeting capacity needed from different energy sources in 2030 and 2050, PDP8 also includes a significant goal: a complete coal phase-out by 2050.[8]
Table 3. Prospective renewable energy mix[8]
| Source | By 2030 | By 2050 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MW | % | MW | % | |
| Onshore wind power | 21,880 | 14.5 | 60,050-77,050 | 12.2-13.4 |
| Offshore wind power | 6,000 | 4 | 70,000-91,500 | 14.3-16 |
| Solar power | 12,836 | 8.5 | 168,594-189,294 | 33.0-34.4 |
| Hydropower | 29,346 | 19.5 | 36,016 | 6.3-7.3 |
| Sum | 70,062 | 46.5 | 334,660-393,860 | 65.8-71.1 |
| Total generation capacity | 150,489 | 100 | 490,529-573,129 | 100 |
Total generating capacity refers to the capacity of power plants serving domestic demand, excluding export, existing rooftop solar, and renewable energy used to produce other energy.[8]
The plan is based on the assumption that Vietnam’s GDP will grow at a rate of 7% annually in the period of 2021-2030, and about 6.5-7.5% in the period of 2031-2050.[8]
The PDP8 envisages complete coal phase out by 2050.[9][10][11]
Resource Mobilization Plan
Released in November 2023, Vietnam released its Resource Mobilisation Plan (RMP) outlining strategies for spending funding allocated through Just Energy Transition Partnerships. The RMP has several priorities:[12]
- Upgrade electricity grid infrastructure
- Develop energy storage options
- Advance offshore wind development
- Increase energy efficiency while simultaneously decreasing demand
- Reduce reliance on coal
The RMP outlines several policy actions that would support offshore wind development in Vietnam, transcribed from the Plan below:[13]
- Complete the formulation of the Marine Spatial Planning, in relation to offshore wind development.
- Formulate a roadmap with required policy adjustments for offshore wind power development reaching 6GW installed capacity by 2030 (the target of PDP8), including measures to enable efficient, transparent and fair investor selection processes.
- Develop regulation on wind power PPAs, making them bankable for international financiers (including international arbitration).
- Develop long-term legal framework for a commercial market, including investor tender process / auctions on onshore and offshore wind parks, potentially including pre-auction public investments in surveys (windspeed, geophysical, biological and other data) that would be made available to all prospective investors in order to de-risk investments and lower the bid prices. Publicly invested survey data would be made available to all prospective investors.
- Capacity building for marine monitoring including seabed and windspeed data collection in areas with technical OSW potential, data storage, modelling, and communication.
- Develop policy regulation on small scale wind power, including dual land-use (e.g. wind exposed ports), tidal zone use, with grid connection and participation in the VWEM.
- Develop regulations on multi-purpose land and seabed use to combine livestock, crop, and fisheries/ aquaculture with onshore and offshore wind power development.
Major Offshore Wind Projects
Table 4. Offshore wind power projects in development with capacity greater or equal to 1,000 MW (GEM, April 2024)[14]
Potential impacts from offshore wind development
In its Resource Mobilisation Plan (2023) estimates that offshore wind development has the potential to reduce 9.96 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2030, though an additional USD $3.8 billion in financing would be required.[13]
The effects of offshore wind power on the environment vary based on the location (nearshore, offshore, etc.), the area's specific ecosystem, and the type of the installation (hard mount, floating, size, etc.).
Biodiversity risks in Vietnam[15]
- Migratory shorebirds, in coastal mudflat habitats in the Mekong Delta
- Other birds like waterbirds and soaring birds
- Whales and dolphins in coastal estuarine habitats in the Mekong Delta
- 70 bat species
- Undersea habitats, rays, sharks and fishes
- nearshore habitats, mangroves, coral reefs and seagrasses
- Species at risk: Nordmann's Greenshank, Great Knot, Spoonbilled Sandpiper, Christmas Island Frigate Bird, Irrawaddy Dolphin
Nearshore wind projects are less expensive but seem to have more prominent effects compared to projects further from shore, with impacts felt most directly by fishing communities.[16] As of January 2023, according to statistics from the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the provincial People’s Committees, roughly 81% of the planned wind farms in the south were nearshore.[17]
Social impacts Offshore and nearshore wind projects may create new jobs, however they affect the fishing communities.[17]
- Fishermen are not allowed to fish in the wind farm areas, and the majority of the fishing boats in most of the Mekong Delta are suitable for fishing only near the shore, reducing fishermen's income.
- There are government plans to offer fishermen alternative livelihoods and reduce the number of nearshore fishing vessels. However, the timeline of the program is unclear.
Fossil Fuel in Vietnam
Fossil Resources and Retirement
Government officials have stated that a large-scale coal phase-out is not feasible with new power plants expected until 2030. Older plants may begin to co-fire with biomass and ammonia.[18]
Table 4. Prospective coal- and gas-fired electricity generation mix[8][19]
| Source | By 2030 | By 2050 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MW | % | MW | % | |
| Coal | 30,127 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| Gas | 37,330 | 24.8 | 7,900 | 1.4-1.6 |
| Sum | 67,457 | 44.8 | 7,900 | 1.4-1.6 |
| Total generation capacity | 150,489 | 100 | 490,529-573,129 | 100 |
The PDP8 includes the following provisions for coal-fired power by 2030:[8][19]
- Commission eleven projects under development included in the adjusted PDP7,
- Six projects (6,125 MW) are currently under development: Na Duong II, An Khanh - Bac Giang, Vung Ang II, Quang Trach I, Van Phong I, Long Phu,
- Convert coal plants that have been in operation for over 20 years to biomass and ammonia,
- Decommission coal plants that have been in operation for over 40 years, if fuel conversion is not feasible.
By 2050, coal plants are expected to be either decommissioned or converted to biomass and ammonia.
The PDP8 includes the following provisions for gas-fired power:[8][19]
- Prioritize domestic gas for power generation,
- Implement LNG-to-hydrogen conversion roadmap when the technology is commercialized and the cost is affordable.
Impacts from fossil fuel sector
Vietnam is one of the fastest-growing per capita GHG emitters worldwide. During 2000-2015, GHG emissions nearly quadrupled.[20] Under this trend, Vietnam is struggling with toxic levels of air pollution, particularly in Hanoi, to the detriment of health and productivity.[20] The Air Quality Life Index estimates that the average life span in Vietnam would increase bu 2.04 years if fine particulate matter pollution was reduced to World Health Organization guidelines.[21]
According to a research in 2017, if follow the business-as-usual scenario, emissions from coal in Southeast Asia will triple by 2030, with the largest increases occurring in Indonesia and Vietnam.[22] From an exposure perspective, sulfate is somewhat less important (38%) while nitrate is more important (29%) due to abundant ammonia from croplands near populated areas, particularly surrounding Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.[22] By 2030, the projected total regional premature mortality due to coal pollution will be 63,520 excess deaths from PM2.5 and 6,140 from ozone, resulting in a total of 69,660 (40,080–126,710) excess deaths per year. The mortality in Vietnam will be the second-highest in Southeast Asia with 19,220 excess deaths per year.[22]
Employment
Current employment by sector
The USGS's 2021 report indicated that "The mineral industry is dominated by state-owned enterprises, such as Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corp. Ltd. (VINACOMIN) and Dong Bac Corp. In parallel with the decrease in the portion of the GDP contributed by the mining and quarrying sector, the annual employed population in the mining and quarrying sector decreased by 10.8% to 210,600 people in 2017 from 236,600 people in 2016 and accounted for just 0.4% of the total labor force in 2017 (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2018c, p. 135)."[23]
Prospective employment from renewable energy sector
Offshore wind power is likely to create less jobs compared to other renewable energy sources based on the share in the PDP8 renewable energy targets by 2030 and the estimates on job creation.
BVG Associates estimated that offshore wind industry will create 700,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) employment years by 2035 in Vietnam. 40% of the FTE years is estimated to come from esports of components from Vietnam.[24] This is calculated based on a few assumptions, including the following
- By 2035 offshore wind will provide 12% of Vietnam’s electricity supply, and projects will have cumulatively generated over 430 TWh of electricity since 2020.
- Localization of project development services, manufacturing of turbine towers and blades.
- Establishment of local subsea cable supply.
- Increased involvement of local suppliers during installation.
- Local supply of replacement components.
Here are the findings on job creation from wind power based on other studies.
- Based on draft PDP8 (2021) goal of 18 GW capacity by 2030, wind power was estimated to create 1,777-7,819 jobs for construction, installation and manufacture and between 2,488- 7,108 per GW for operations & maintenance.[25] The PDP8 goal for wind power in 2030 is 28 GW.[8]
- Wind power is estimated to have an employment factor of 2.79 Jobs/MWaverage, second highest after solar PV at 3.51 Jobs/MWaverage.[26]
- Replacing coal power plants with solar or wind will more than double the number of jobs per average MW capacity.[26]
- Around 80% of the jobs created in the power sector by 2030 are in construction and installation.[26]
- For wind and solar, around 25 % of jobs created are for high-skilled workers.[26]
- For each direct job created in the power sector in Vietnam, two additional jobs (indirect & induced) are created in the country irrespective of the scenario assessed.[26]
An analysis in 2019 published by think tanks, local NGOs, and COBENEFITS Information Hub shows that "Replacing coal-fired power plants with solar PV and wind turbines creates approximately 2 more jobs per average MW installed in the power sector by 2030. Up to 3.5 jobs per average installed MW can be created (gross) by 2030 through solar and wind power if the country achieves an effective transformation of the power sector."[27]
Land availability
According to GEM data as of June 2023, the majority of in-development offshore wind projects are located on the southern coast of Vietnam.[28] The technical offshore wind potential is also mostly clustered on the southwest coast of Vietnam in the South China Sea.[29]
Given the novelty of offshore wind development, the legal framework remains somewhat incomplete, including the legal framework for granting site survey licenses and selecting investors.[30]
Under existing laws and regulations seabed for offshore wind projects is leased at a rate dependent on the area. Unlike onshore projects, offshore wind developers do not have security over the seabed use rights.[31]
The total land demand for electricity infrastructure and infrastructure development according to the PDP8 goals, likely excluding offshore wind needs, is about 89.9 - 93.36 thousand ha in the period of 2021 - 2030 and about 169.8 - 195.15 thousand ha in the period 2031 - 2050.[8]
Civil Society Engagement
The Government of Vietnam has come down on climate activists throughout the country. An estimated 160 civil society actors and six high-level NGO staff are in custody, as of March 2024.[12]
Symbolic Importance
Despite its current dependence on coal imports,[32] Vietnam is considered to have one of the greatest geological potentials for offshore wind development in Asia.[33][34][35][36] It is estimated that the potential of wind capacity could reach 311GW in the country.[33] From the study of World Bank in 2001, more than 39% of its land has an average annual wind speed faster than 6m per second at an altitude of 65m.[37] Therefore, whether offshore wind development can support the transition of the country from fossil fuel import to self-reliance on clean energy would be iconic for the region.
Governmental information
Related government papers
Vietnam's Eighth National Electricity Development Plan (PDP8) sets out the plan for the amendment of the current Law on Electricity and related regulations such as the Law on Efficient and Effective Use of Energy. A separate law on renewable energy is also put on plan and is assigned to the Ministry of Industry and Trade as the main authority in charge.
Specific goals outlined in PDP8 include:[8]
- Wind and solar generation reaching approximately 40GW by 2030 (27% of the national total capacity)
- Wind and solar generation reaching between 298GW-357GW by 2050 (60% of the national total capacity)
- Total coal phase-out by 2050
Vietnam's Nationally Determined Contribution (2022):[38]
- Calls for the creation of policies and completion of marine spatial assessments to better enable offshore wind development
New National Climate Change Strategy to 2050 (2022):[39]
- Among other targets, aims to reduce energy sector emissions by 32.6% by 2030 and 91.6% by 2050, compared to the country's business-as-usual scenario
Law on Electricity (Law No. 28/2004/QH11), amended in 2012, 2018 and 2022[40][41]
- Prioritizes renewable energy projects
- Introduced incentives for renewable energy development (e.g., lower corporate income tax rate , exemption from import tax for equipment, exemption from and reduction of land levy and land rents, etc.)
- Allows investors construct and operate the transmission grid
- Set certain technical and environmental standards
Circular No. 02/2019/TT-BCT[42]
- Entered into force on January 15, 2019
- Clarifies and provides guidance on wind power development
Circular No. 19/2023/TT-BCT[43]
- Introduced a new pricing mechanism for FiTs in renewable energy development
- Does not apply to transitional projects described in point b Clause 2 Article 1 of of Circular No. 15/2022/TT-BCT[44][45]
Permitting Process
Vietnam introduced the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme in 2011. Previously, the government set the tariffs for 20 years. Under the Decree No. 19/2023/TT-BCT, which came into force on December 19, 2023, Vietnam Electricity (EVN) calculates the annual FITs based on a pricing mechanism outlined in the Decree.[43][46] Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam (ERAV) then approves and publishes the FITs every year.[46] The circular does not apply to transitional projects described in point b Clause 2 Article 1 of of Circular No. 15/2022/TT-BCT.[44][45] The tariff has expire, and while it worked well for nearshore projects, it is considered too low for larger-scale, deeper water, and more expensive projects further from shore.[47]
With the feed-in tariff expired, the Ministry of Industry and Trade is creating a competitive bidding mechanism, though critics worry this could actually slow project rollout.[47]
The general permitting and approval process for offshore wind projects in Vietnam is summarized in the table below:[47]
| Phase | Required permits, studies, and approvals |
|---|---|
| Preliminary Project Development Phase |
|
| Project Development Phase |
|
| Construction Phase |
|
| Operation Phase |
|
The permitting process for wind power projects is estimated to take between 2 to 3 years.[48] Permitting challenges and the lack of defined permitting pathways for offshore wind are major barriers to creating a pipeline of financeable projects.[13]
The development of offshore wind projects is cross-regulated by multiple (and sometimes conflicting) regulatory and governing bodies, and each province may have a different view on what approvals are required and the order in which they are to be procured.[47] Preliminary project development for an offshore wind farm starts with site selection and ends with obtaining the decision on investment from the Ministry of Industries and Production. The main challenge is inclusion in the PDP/PWPDP. Preliminary project development can take up to 24 months for sites where there are no wind data available.[49]
Onshore wind projects are largely regulated under Circular No. 02/2019/TT-BCT.[42][50] The Circular requires land use and other natural resources usage requirements, a wind data report carried out for al least 12 consecutive months, a report on the proposed interconnection to the grid, written consent from the Provincial People's Committee (PPC), and other relevant written opinions. MOIT will review the dossier within 45 business days, consult relevant ministries and agencies and send an official letter back to the PPC. The PPC will then amend the dossier and forward it to the Electricity and Renewable Energy Authority (EREA). EREA will revise and submit the dossier to MOIT within 15 business days.[50]
Relevant political coalitions
Vietnam and Australia have existing partnerships to foster development, and the two countries have established a Ministerial Dialogue focused specifically on energy (particularly renewable energy development), minerals, and mining. The Dialogue highlights Vietnam's reliance on Australian critical minerals as part of the energy transition.[51]
Vietnam is also a signatory on the Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement, a commitment to accelerate the energy transition away from unabated coal through the rapid deployment of renewables and other clean technologies, passage of supportive policies, ending the issuance of permits for unabated coal projects, and strengthen both domestic and international collaboration.[52]
Transmission and Grid Infrastructure
Current transmission resources
The World Bank presents the current and planned Electricity Transmission Network until 2035 : Vietnam - Electricity Transmission Network[53]
The International Trade Association mentioned that Vietnam’s National Power Transmission Corporation (EVNNPT) "operates a total of 153 substations, 25,236km of transmission lines (7,996 km of 500 kV lines and 17,240km of 220 and 110 kV lines), and a total transformer capacity of 91,256 MVA (33,300 for 500kV lines and 57,956 MVA for 220kV and 110kV lines)."[54]
The state-owned EVN Vietnam Electricity's annual report in 2021 shows the transmission and distribution information in the country.[55]
New transmission needed for renewables
Power grid development is a priority investment area under Vietnam's JETP, with particular interest in developing cross-border and offshore transmission, as well as creating a regulatory and financing environment to support transmission upgrades.[13]
The PDP8 allocates about $15 billion for grid development to extend it by 60,000 kilometers in 2021-2030.[56] PDP8 also includes plans to build reliable 500 kV and 220 kV transmission grids, in addition to accelerating the development of a smart grid construction roadmap.[8] While potential wind resources are strongest in the south, demand is highest in the north. TO ensure that offshore wind power is efficiently generated and delivered, PDP8 includes goals related to upgrading, strengthening, and expanding the national grid.[57]
The government does not plan to develop major inter-regional transmission lines connecting central southern provinces (where all the major offshore wind power projects are being proposed) to the northern region (where electricity demand is highest) before 2030.[8] That said, the government has plans for 500 kV grid reinforcement stretching from the southwest of the country, where offshore wind resources are abundant, 200 km into Ho Chi Minh City by 2025, but additional grid reinforcement may still be needed.[58] The Gulf of Tonkin could supply demand in the Hanoi area, where grid reinforcement is planned as well.[58]
The World Bank has estimated that the transmission required to deliver 5 to 10 GW of offshore wind will take 5-10 years to design, plan, and construct. Current PPA structures call for developers to finance the transmission costs needed to connect to the national grid. Amendments to the Electricity Law indicate that developers might be able to fund, build, and operate their own transmission lines, which could accelerate grid upgrades, though uncertainty about these prospects remain.[47]
Social and environmental impacts of new transmission
According to the legal requirement, offshore wind projects need to include the development of the Interconnection Line and the submarine power cables for the Environmental Impact Assessment Report under the Environment Law 2020 allocated by the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE)[59] Reportedly, 40% of warranty claims made from Vietnam's offshore wind projects involved cable construction and installation, collisions, and lightning strikes. Each incident requires that farm operations halt until problems are fixed.[60]
Grid Infrastructure
In general, Vietnam faces grid congestion near areas with high population density, and consequently, solar has faced curtailment.[47] Currently, the Vietnam government has to ask small-scale renewable energy providers to limit their operations due to the insufficient infrastructure of transmission lines which are unable to deal with the spikes in supply.[61]
From 2019 to 2020, due to the increase in solar capacity, the ramping capacity of solar generation became a challenge for the grid. There were no sufficient responsive transmission lines within a short period to meet the intermittent features of renewables. During that time, many solar projects were "forced into wasteful curtailment"[62]
In 2022, renewable energy excluding hydropower was 12.9% of the total generation of the year, which is far less than its installed capacity(renewable energy was taking 26.4% of installed capacity in the power mix.)[63] In June 2022, the total generation of wind and solar were 19.3 billion KWh, accounting for 14.4% of the total generation of the month[64] In the Vietnam Energy Outlook Report, the peak hour load of renewable energy(solar and wind) was 40% in 2021[65]. In May 2021, the government said that including hydropower, the peak load of renewable energy reached 60% at noon time and had been used at its maximum level. Many hydropower stations and small-scale renewables had to stop operating.[66]
Ownership
Major owners of current fossil capacity
Table 5. Parent and owner information of major operating coal-fired power capacity (GEM, January 2024)[1]
| Parent | Owner | Capacity (MW) | % of operating coal capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| AES Corp [51.0%]; POSCO International Corp [30.0%]; China Investment Corp [19.0%] | AES-VCM Mong Dong Power | 1,240 | 4.55% |
| China Power Engineering Consulting Group; JAKS Resources | China Power Engineering Consulting Group; JAKS Resources | 1,200 | 4.41% |
| China Southern Power Grid; Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding | China Southern Power Grid; Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding | 1,200 | 4.41% |
| EVNGENCO 3 | EVNGENCO 3 | 1,244 | 4.57% |
| Formosa Plastics Group | Hu'ng Nghiep Formosa Ha Tinh, Hung Nghiep Formosa | 900 | 3.30% |
| Korea Electric Power Corp [50.0%]; Marubeni Corp [40.0%]; Tohoku Electric Power Co Inc [10.0%] | Nghi Son 2 Power | 1,320 | 4.85% |
| Malakoff Corporation Bhd | Malakoff Technical Solutions | 1,200 | 4.41% |
| PetroVietnam Power Corporation | PetroVietnam Power Corporation | 3,600 | 13.22% |
| Pha Lai Thermal Power | Pha Lai Thermal Power | 1,040 | 4.82% |
| Taekwang Group | Taekwang Vina Industry | 1,200 | 4.41% |
| Van Phong Power Company | Van Phong Power Company | 1,432 | 5.26% |
| Vietnam Electricity | Vietnam Electricity, EVNGENCO2, EVNGENCO 1 | 2,535 | 9.31% |
| Vietnam Electricity LLC [80.0%]; Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corp Ltd [15.0%]; Vinaconex JSC [5.0%] | Quang Ninh Thermal Power | 1,200 | 4.41% |
| Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding | Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding | 1,585 | 5.82% |
Table 6. Parent and owner information of major in-development coal-fired power capacity (GEM, January 2024)[1]
| Parent | Owner | Capacity (MW) | % of pipeline coal capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| AXA Entities; Emerging Capital Partners; Endeavor Energy; General Electric Co; other; The Quantum Group Ltd | Vung Ang 2 Thermal Power | 1,330 | 16.85% |
| PetroVietnam Power Corporation | PetroVietnam Power Corporation | 1,200 | 15.20% |
| Taekwang Group | Taekwang Vina Industry | 1,200 | 15.20% |
| Toyo Ink Group | Toyo Engineering & Construction | 2,000 | 25.34% |
| Vietnam Electricity | Vietnam Electricity | 1,403 | 17.78% |
Table 7. Parent and owner information of major operating gas-fired power capacity (GEM, July 2023)[2]
| Parent | Owner | Capacity (MW) | % of operating gas capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam Power Group | Can Tho Thermal Power Company, EVNGENCO 3 | 3,590 | 44.1% |
| Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PetroVietnam) | PetroVietnam | 2,715 | 33.3% |
| Électricité de France (EDF) SA [56.2%]; Sumitomo Corporation [28.1%]; Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) [15.6%] | Mekong Energy Company | 733 | 9.0% |
| Sembcorp Industries Ltd [66.7%]; Kyushu Electric Power Co Inc [26.7%]; Sojitz Corporation [6.7%] | Phu My 3 BOT Power Co., Ltd. | 733 | 9.0% |
| The Central Trading & Development Group | Hiep Phuoc Power Company | 375 | 4.6% |
Table 8. Parent and owner information of major in-development gas-fired power capacity (GEM, July 2023)[2]
| Parent | Owner | Capacity (MW) | % of pipeline gas capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam Power Group | Vietnam Electricity (EVN), EVNGENCO 3 | 6650 | 8.6% |
| T&T Group; Gen X Energy LLC | T&T Group; Gen X Energy LLC | 6000 | 7.8% |
| Embark United; Quantum | Embark United; Quantum | 6000 | 7.8% |
| Millennium Petroleum Group | Millenium Vietnam Company | 4800 | 6.2% |
| Siemens Energy AG; Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO); Power Engineering Consulting JSC 2 (PECC2) | Siemens Energy AG; Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO); Power Engineering Consulting JSC 2 (PECC2) | 4800 | 6.2% |
| Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PetroVietnam) | PetroVietnam | 4500 | 5.8% |
| Exxon Mobil Corporation | Exxon Mobil Corporation | 4500 | 5.8% |
| US Investors (unknown) [60%]; Vietnamese Investors (unknown) [40%] | Chan May LNG | 4000 | 5.2% |
| Energy Capital Vietnam (ECV); B.Grimm Power; Siemens Energy AG | Energy Capital Vietnam (ECV); B.Grimm Power; Siemens Energy AG | 3600 | 4.7% |
| Delta Offshore Energy | Delta Offshore Energy | 3200 | 4.2% |
| B.Grimm Power; Gulf Energy Development Public Co Ltd | B.Grimm Power; Gulf Energy Development Plc | 3000 | 3.9% |
| T&T Group | T&T Group | 3000 | 3.9% |
| VinaCapital Group Ltd. | VinaCapital Group Ltd. | 3000 | 3.9% |
| J-POWER (Electric Power Development Co Ltd) | J-POWER (Electric Power Development Co Ltd) | 3000 | 3.9% |
| Électricité de France (EDF) SA [37.5%]; Pacific Group Joint Stock Company [25%]; Sojitz Corporation [18.8%]; Kyushu Electric Power Co Inc [18.8%] | EDF [37.5%]; Pacific Corporation [25%]; Sojitz Corporation [18.8%]; Kyushu Electric Power Co Inc [18.8%] | 2250 | 2.9% |
| The AES Corporation | The AES Corporation | 2250 | 2.9% |
| Truong Thanh Group Vietnam Joint Stock Company (TTVN Group) | Truong Thanh Viet Nam | 1500 | 1.9% |
| The Central Trading & Development Group | Hiep Phuoc Power Company | 1200 | 1.6% |
| Vietnam Trading Engineering Construction JSC [unknown %]; Marubeni Corporation [unknown %] | Vietnam Trading Engineering Construction JSC; Marubeni Corporation | 1050 | 1.4% |
| Sembcorp Industries Ltd [66.7%]; Kyushu Electric Power Co Inc [26.7%]; Sojitz Corporation [6.7%] | Phu My 3 BOT Power Co., Ltd. | 850 | 1.1% |
| Sembcorp Utilities Limited | Sembcorp Utilities Pte Ltd | 750 | 1.0% |
| Formosa Plastics Corporation | Hung Nghiep Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Limited Company | 600 | 0.8% |
| PJSC Gazprom; Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PetroVietnam) | Gazprom International; PetroVietnam | 340 | 0.4% |
Major owners of prospective renewables
Table 9. Owner information of major in-development offshore wind power projects (GEM, December 2023)[14]
| Owner | Capacity (MW) | % of offshore wind pipeline capacity |
|---|---|---|
| AES CORP | 4,000 | 5.55% |
| Asia Petroleum Energy CORP; Shizen Energy Group; Tokyo Gas CO LTD | 6,000 | 8.32% |
| Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP); Asia Petroleum Energy CORP; Novasia Energy CO LTD | 3,500 | 4.86% |
| Corio Generation LTD | 1,000 | 1.39% |
| Enterprize Energy PTE LTD | 3,400 | 4.72% |
| Mainstream Renewable Power [70%]; Phú Cường Group [30%] | 1,400 | 1.94% |
| Ørsted A/S; T&T Group JSC | 3,900 | 5.41% |
| PNE wind AG | 4,000 | 5.55% |
| T&T Group JSC; Ørsted A/S | 14,600 | 20.26% |
| Tân Hoàn Cầu Group | 2,000 | 2.77% |
| Truong Thanh Vietnam Group JSC (TTVN Group) | 2,000 | 2.77% |
| Zarubezhneft JSC; DEME Concessions NV | 1,000 | 1.39% |
Another company active in Vietnam's offshore wind industry is Equinor, which recently signed an MOU with PetroVietnam for joint project development.[47]
Supply Chain
90% of equipment for renewable energy is imported into Vietnam, mostly from China, Germany, India and the US.[67][68] Current localization rates for wind and solar power are estimated at 45% and 37%, respectively.[69] These rates represent low-value sectors with low technological complexity. Transformer stations, cables, and support pillars have a significantly reduced domestic ratio of 30%, 10%, and 3%, respectively.[69]
Vietnam currently lacks experience in research, development, investment, construction and operation of offshore power projects.[70] However, these challenges present opportunities for localization of the supply chain.[70]
Gaps identified in the supply chain for offshore wind development include:[71]
- Experience of interpreting survey data related to offshore wind, including environmental data, metocean data and geotechnical data.
- Manufacturing and assembly of nacelles, blades and electrical systems.[69]
- Handling larger foundation volumes and greater diameters. For cable manufacturing, gaps include facilities to manufacture higher voltage array cables, which would require suppliers to have confidence in the scale of the long-term market opportunity.
- Gaps related to the installation and commissioning of the wind farm are related to the lack of Vietnamese turbine foundation or offshore substation installation vessels, and the lack of experience and capability in cable laying.
- The key gap in OMS is technician competence related to offshore wind.
DNV, an independent assurance and risk management provider, Institute of Energy, a Science & Technology Research Organization, PTSC Mechanical & Construction (PTSC M&C), the leading turn-key contractor in Vietnam providing premium Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation, Transportation, Hook-up & Commissioning (EPC/EPCIC) services for renewable energy sectors signed an MoU in 2023 to develop domestic design capabilities and meet the demands of offshore wind projects in Vietnam in the future. The MoU includes DNV's Sesam for offshore wind turbine foundation design and WindFarmer to help design wind farms and analyze energy production and cost-benefit.[72]
European manufacturers are considering investing hundreds of millions of dollars in Vietnam to build wind turbines plants, sources familiar with the situation said, as the country gears up to exploit its large untapped potential in offshore wind.[73]
Finance
Table 10. Estimated capital investment demand for PDP8 implementation in USD[8][74]
| Time period | Power source | Transmission grid | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-2030 | 119.8 billion | 14.9 billion | 134.7 billion |
| 2031-2050 | 364.4 - 511, 2 billion | 34.8 - 38.6 billion | 399.2 - 523.1 billion |
An estimated USD $134.7 billion is needed until 2030 to decarbonize Vietnam's power sector.[75]
Potential providers of offshore wind finance
The leading investors in Vietnam’s offshore wind energy appear to be European corporations.[76][14] The Japan-led Asia Zero Emission Community initiative aims to provide USD $8 billion for energy projects in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.[77]
Public Sector Finance
Previous renewable energy projects have been financed with support from multilateral banks like the Asian Development Bank (ADB). For example, ADB coordinated a $173 million finance package for the Lotus Wind Power Project, which generates an estimated $9.5 million in economic value annually for the duration of operation. The financing came from ADB in combination with Japan International Cooperation Agency, Export Finance Australia, and others, and the package was certified as a Green Loan by the Climate Bonds Initiative. ADB has classified the package as primarily B loan, meaning commercial lenders provide financing with ADB as an intermediary.[78][79]
Similarly, the ADB provided a direct, non-concessional loan of $3 million to support rooftop solar deployment in Vietnam. This funding was met by $10,8 million in loans from FMO (private sector funding)[80] and Societe Generale, which is operated by the Government of France.[81][82]
Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)
Vietnam and the International Partners Group (IPG), consisting of the EU, UK, USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, Denmark and Norway announced a Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) in December 2022.[83] 11 IPG countries, along with the Asian Development Bank and Climate Investment Fund, have pledged a total of $15 billion, which will be administered via more than 40 financing institutions. Only 20% of Vietnam's funding is tied to specific projects, and approximately 70% of IPG funding is in the form of commercial loans. A vast majority (~80%) of concessional and other low-cost loans have already been allocated to specific projects.[84]
The JETP includes a resolution from the IPG to provide at least $15.5 billion over the next 3 to 5 years through a combination of appropriate financial instruments, namely $7.75 billion of public sector finance and $7.75 billion in private finance.[83] Only 4% of the funding allocated through JETP for Vietnam is classified as grants, which presents a major hurdle for encouraging private investment,[75] while about 60% of funding will come from commercial loans.[18] Total allocations are nowhere near sufficient to fully achieve goals outlined in PDP8.[12]
The JETP names offshore wind development as one of three priorities for investment. Specifically, offshore wind-related work consists of technical assistance to government agencies to support marine spatial planning, providing financing to reduce early adoption costs, resources for greater data collection, and survey of existing offshore wind planning efforts.[13]
Other
Related Articles
References
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