POSCO Pohang steel plant

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POSCO Pohang steel plant, also known as Pohang Iron & Steel, is a blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) steel plant operating in Pohang, North Gyeongsang, South Korea.

Location

The map below shows the exact location of the plant in Pohang, North Gyeongsang, South Korea:

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  • Location: 6262, Donghaean-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
  • Coordinates (WGS 84): 36.009310, 129.394508 (exact)

Background

Construction of the Pohang plant began on 01 April, 1970 and became operational on 03 July, 1973 with a capacity of 1.03 mtpa. After four phases of expansions, the crude steel capacity increased to 9.1 mtpa by 1983.[1] On 29 December, 2021, the blast furnace 1 was permanently shut down. The company announced its plan to turn the furnace into a museum. The plant continues to operate with the remaining three blast furnaces.[2]

POSCO has formulated a 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap, outlining strategies in three core areas: Green process, Green product, and Green Partnership. The goal is to reduce carbon emissions 30% by 2035, 50% by 2040 from average emissions benchmark of 78.8 million tons between 2017-19, and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.[3]

On 06 September, 2022, various facilities at the plant was affected during Typhoon Hinnamnor, leading to shutting down of the plant temporarily.[4] The plant resumed operations 135 days after the flood.[5][6]

2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap

POSCO is building a first of its kind pilot plant that use fluidized bed reduction reactors (HyREX), developed in collaboration with Primetals Technologies. The construction of the pilot plant with a capacity of 300 ttpa was expected to begin in June 2023.[7]The facility is scheduled for completion in 2026 or early 2027. With HyREX, hydrogen-based direct reduced iron produced will be melted in an electric smelting furnace to produce steel.[8][9] POSCO intends to break ground with a full-scale hydrogen-based steelmaking plants by 2031.[10] POSCO Pohang Works plans to replace its existing production methods with HyREX in 2033.[11][12]

POSCO is also planning to invest in an electric furnace (EAF) each for its Pohang and Gwangyang steelworks. The expansion project is expected to produce 2.5 million tonnes of hot metal annually with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality. The news article from May 2023, mentioned that it was unlikely that annual crude steel production will increase from the two facilities. Operations were scheduled to start from 2025.[13]

Under the company's 2050 carbon neutrality roadmap POSCO plans to phase-out traditional blast furnace technology by 2050 and adopt renewable and green hydrogen-based steelmaking technology in its plants in South Korea.[14][15] POSCO plans to develop the hydrogen reduction steel plant by reclaiming land from sea which is expected to be completed by 2041 and begin full operation of hydrogen reduction steel facility by 2050.[16]

POSCO is expanding the highly polluting blast furnace technology overseas to India and Indonesia.[15] Until 2050, POSCO plans on adopting blast furnace-based bridge technologies.[17]

Low-emissions/green steelmaking

This steel plant is associated with a green steel project tracked in the Green Steel Tracker. Details about the project are included below.

Table 1: Green Steel Project Details

All references for the above data are available in the Green Steel Tracker.
Project 1
Company POSCO Holdings
Company has climate goals? Yes
Location Pohang, South Korea
Project name HyREX
Project website Site
Project scale Pilot
Project status Announced
Year to be online 2033
Technology to be used H-DRI
Technology details H-DRI in Fluidized Bed Reactors + Electrical Smelting (ESF) for steel
Iron production capacity (million tonnes per year) Not stated
Steel production capacity (million tonnes per year) 1
CO2 capture (million tonnes CO2 per year) Not applicable
Hydrogen generation capacity(MW) Not applicable
Investment size Not stated
Partners Primetals Technologies
Date of announcement 2022-08-05

Plant Details

Table 2: General Plant Details

Phase Plant status Announced date Construction date Start date Workforce size Iron ore source Coal source
Main plant Operating[18] 1967-06-30[19] 1967-10-03[19] 1973[20] 6920[21] Imported from Australia[22] Tanoma coal mine
Main plant Operating[18] 1967-06-30[19] 1967-10-03[19] 1973[20] 6920[21] Imported from Australia[22] Tanoma coal mine
Expansion Announced[23] 2021[24] – 2025[23] – – –
Expansion Construction[25] 2022-07-26[26] 2023-06[27] 2026[27] – – –

Table 3: Ownership and Parent Company Information

Phase State-owned entity status Parent company Parent company GEM ID Owner Owner company PermID Owner company GEM ID
Main plant Partial POSCO Holdings Inc [100%] E100001010091 [85.7%]; E100001000730 [9.1%]; E100001000348 [5.2%] Posco[28] 4295881204 E100000000953

Table 4: Process and Products

Phase Steel product category Steel products Steel sector end users ISO 14001 ISO 50001 Main production equipment Detailed production equipment
Main plant finished rolled[29] hot rolled steel, plate, wire rod, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, electric galvanized steel, stainless steel, titanium[29] automotive; building and infrastructure; energy; steel packaging; tools and machinery; transport[29] 2023[30] 2021[30] BF, BOF[20] Corex BF-DRI plant (C-2000, 0.8 MTPA, began in Nov. 1995); 2 FINEX plants (FINEX No. 2 Plant (F-1.5M, 1.5 MTPA, began in 2007), FINEX No. 3 (F-2.0M, 2.0 MTPA, began in 2014), FINEX Demo plant (shut down in 2014)); 4 BFs (1 mothballed 2021); 7 BOF (began in 1973 (79m3); 1978 (250m3); 2011 (300m3); unknown); 3 EAFs[31][32][20][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][21][31]
Main plant finished rolled[29] hot rolled steel, plate, wire rod, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, electric galvanized steel, stainless steel, titanium[29] automotive; building and infrastructure; energy; steel packaging; tools and machinery; transport[29] 2023[30] 2021[30] BF, BOF[20] Corex BF-DRI plant (C-2000, 0.8 MTPA, began in Nov. 1995); 2 FINEX plants (FINEX No. 2 Plant (F-1.5M, 1.5 MTPA, began in 2007), FINEX No. 3 (F-2.0M, 2.0 MTPA, began in 2014), FINEX Demo plant (shut down in 2014)); 4 BFs (1 mothballed 2021); 7 BOF (began in 1973 (79m3); 1978 (250m3); 2011 (300m3); unknown); 3 EAFs[31][32][20][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][21][31]
Expansion finished rolled[29] hot rolled steel, plate, wire rod, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, electric galvanized steel, stainless steel, titanium[29] automotive; building and infrastructure; energy; steel packaging; tools and machinery; transport[29] – – EAF[23] DRI-EAF[23]
Expansion finished rolled[29] hot rolled steel, plate, wire rod, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, electric galvanized steel, stainless steel, titanium[29] automotive; building and infrastructure; energy; steel packaging; tools and machinery; transport[29] – – DRI, EAF[26][41] 1 Hydrogen-based DRI (HyREX) plant, Electric Smelting Furnace (Smelter)[26][41]

Table 5: Crude Steel Production Capacities (thousand tonnes per annum)

*Please see our Frequently Asked Questions page for an explanation of the different capacity operating statuses.
Phase Capacity operating status* Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking capacity Electric arc furnace steelmaking capacity Nominal crude steel capacity (total)
Main plant operating 17400 TTPA[31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23] – 17400 TTPA[31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23]
Main plant mothballed –[31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23] – –[31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23][31][42][43][23]
Expansion announced – 2500 TTPA[23][44] 2500 TTPA[23][44]
Expansion construction – 300 TTPA[45] 300 TTPA[45]

Table 6: Crude Iron Production Capacities (thousand tonnes per annum)

*Please see our Frequently Asked Questions page for an explanation of the different capacity operating statuses.
Phase Capacity operating status* Blast furnace capacity Sponge iron/DRI capacity Nominal iron capacity (total)
Main plant operating 12900 TTPA[40][46][47][46][47][46][47] – 17200 TTPA[40][46][47][46][47][46][47]
Main plant mothballed 1300 TTPA[40][46][47][46][47][46][47] – 1300 TTPA[40][46][47][46][47][46][47]
Expansion announced – 2500 TTPA[23] 2500 TTPA[23]
Expansion construction – 300 TTPA[48] 300 TTPA[48]

Table 7: Upstream Products Production Capacities (thousand tonnes per annum)

Phase Sinter Coke
Main plant >0 TTPA[49] >0 TTPA[49][50]
Main plant >0 TTPA[49] >0 TTPA[49][50]
Expansion – –
Expansion – –

Table 8: Actual Crude Steel Production by Year (thousand tonnes per annum)

Year BOF Production Total (all routes)
2020 – –
2021 16900 TTPA[51] 16900 TTPA
2022 14323 TTPA[52][53] 14323 TTPA

Blast Furnace Details

Table 9: Blast Furnace Details

Unit name Status Announced date Construction date Start date Furnace manufacturer and model Current size Current capacity (ttpa) Decarbonization technology Most recent relining
1 mothballed[31][40] unknown 1970[54] 1973-06-08[55][40][32] – 1660 m³[56] 1300[40] Top gas captured to fuel power plant[57] 1993-02-26[32][58]
2 operating[59][60] unknown 1974[54] 1976-05-31[21][32] POSCO[61] 2550 m³[62] 2300[46][47] Top gas captured to fuel power plant; Upgraded in 2016 to an "eco-friendly" AI smart furnace, with little specific information about how the use of AI will reduce emissions. [57][63] 2017-03[31][64]
3 operating[59][60] unknown 1976[54] 1978-12-09[65][21] POSCO[66][61] 5600 m³[65][62] 5300[46][47] Top gas captured to fuel power plant; Upgraded in 2017 to an "eco-friendly" smart furnace, with little specific information about how the use of AI will reduce emissions. [57][67] 2017-06-06[68][65]
4 operating[59][60] unknown 1979[54] 1981-02-18[32] Saint-Gobain (parts)[69] 5600 m³[20][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][62] 5300[46][47] Top gas captured to fuel power plant[57] 2010-10[31]

Articles and Resources

Additional data

To access additional data, including an interactive map of steel power plants, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Steel Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

References

  1. ↑ Amsden, Alice Hoffenberg (1992). Asia's Next Giant. Oxford University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 9780195076035.
  2. ↑ "POSCO permanently shuts blast furnace No. 1 at Pohang plant". steelorbis.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  3. ↑ "Sustainability Report - 2022". POSCO (in 한국어). Retrieved 2023-09-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ "POSCO's unprecedented furnace shutdown may disrupt across-the-board industrial sites - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". pulsenews.co.kr (in 한국어). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  5. ↑ "POSCO's 135-day Pohang plant recovery dubbed 'miracle'". koreatimes. 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  6. ↑ "POSCO's Pohang Works fully restored… All factories start operation from the 20th". newsroom.posco.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  7. ↑ "POSCO to start construction of hydrogen-based pilot plant in June". www.steelorbis.com. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  8. ↑ "POSCO to break ground on hydrogen-based steel plant". Steel Times International. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  9. ↑ "Current News of Primetals Technologies". www.primetals.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  10. ↑ KED Global. "POSCO readies for leap to carbon-neutral steel - KED Global". KED Global. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  11. ↑ "POSCO to make all steel via hydrogen route by 2050". Steel Times International. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  12. ↑ "POSCO plans to produce all steel using hydrogen by 2050 — News — GMK Center". GMK. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  13. ↑ SteelMint. "South Korea: Posco scaling up EAF investments to cut down on blast furnace iron-making". SteelMint Info Services. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  14. ↑ POSCO. "Carbon Neutral Strategy - Carbon Neutrality - POSCO". www.posco.co.kr (in 한국어). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "[Press Release] Ditching coal in steelmaking could save over 9,000 lives, new study shows". Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  16. ↑ "POSCO Group to invest $93 bn by 2030 to build hydrogen reduction steel plant - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". m.pulsenews.co.kr (in 한국어). Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  17. ↑ "Sustainability Report 2022" (PDF). POSCO. 2022. Retrieved 29 September, 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220113161527/http://www.posco.com/homepage/docs/eng6/jsp/common/posco/s91a1000013c.jsp. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 https://web.archive.org/web/20211004030221/https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng6/jsp/company/posco/s91a1000012c.jsp. Archived from the original on 04 October 2021. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20221128181628/https://www.responsiblesteel.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ResponsibleSteel_PublicSummary_POSCO_Pohang.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20230130022053/https://austchamkorea.org/2018/09/05/posco_gwangyang_tour/. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 23.27 23.28 23.29 23.30 23.31 23.32 23.33 23.34 23.35 https://web.archive.org/web/20220627062116/https://www.steelmint.com/insights/south-korea-posco-scaling-up-eaf-investments-to-cut-down-on-blast-furnace-iron-making-262363. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20240131194709/https://www.steelmint.com/insights/South-Korea-Posco-scaling-up-EAF-investments-to-cut-down-on-blast-furnace-iron-making-262363. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2023/02/21/business/industry/korea-posco-electric-furnace/20230221140818985.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20230605204336/https://www.primetals.com/press-media/news/primetals-technologies-and-posco-to-develop-new-green-steel-demonstration-plant. Archived from the original on 05 June 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20230601101041/https://www.steeltimesint.com/news/posco-to-break-ground-on-hydrogen-based-steel-plant. Archived from the original on 01 June 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220111174949/https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng6/jsp/company/control/s91a1000010c.jsp. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 https://web.archive.org/web/20220120105955/http://product.posco.com/homepage/product/eng/jsp/s91m0000001i.jsp. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng7/jsp/esg/certificate/s91b6000051l.jsp. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 31.15 31.16 31.17 31.18 31.19 31.20 31.21 31.22 31.23 31.24 31.25 31.26 31.27 31.28 31.29 31.30 31.31 31.32 31.33 31.34 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20230125185520/https://energyandcleanair.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/CREA-SFOC_Unveiling-the-Truth-Behind-Blast-Furnace-Pollution_South-Korea_EN.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20220213234515/https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng6/jsp/dn/company/posco/Photo_History_of_POSCO.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20220207221331/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/posco-reaches-20-million-tons-production-using-finex-technology/. Archived from the original on 07 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20220209140537/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/discover-the-tech-making-steel-more-sustainable-finex/. Archived from the original on 09 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20220207220810/https://www.fastmarkets.com/events. Archived from the original on 07 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20220425141258/https://www.primetals.com/fileadmin/user_upload/content/01_portfolio/1_ironmaking/corex/COREX.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20220404214916/https://www.primetals.com/fileadmin/user_upload/content/01_portfolio/1_ironmaking/finex/THE_FINEX_R__PROCESS.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 04 April 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "2022 AIST Basic Oxygen Furnace Roundup". Association for Iron & Steel Technology. April 2022. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163942/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/posco-gwangyang-no-3-blast-furnace-reborn-into-a-smart-sustainable-furnace/. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 https://web.archive.org/web/20220125152850/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Materials/Posco-to-shut-aging-furnace-as-coronavirus-erodes-steel-demand2. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20230602050529/https://www.aist.org/news/steel-news/2023/may/29-may-2-june-2023/posco-looks-to-begin-work-on-pilot-dri-plant. Archived from the original on 02 June 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ↑ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 42.12 42.13 42.14 42.15 42.16 42.17 42.18 42.19 42.20 42.21 42.22 42.23 42.24 42.25 42.26 42.27 https://web.archive.org/web/20231008031813/https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng7/jsp/s91a0000001i.jsp. Archived from the original on 08 October 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.03 43.04 43.05 43.06 43.07 43.08 43.09 43.10 43.11 43.12 43.13 43.14 43.15 43.16 43.17 43.18 43.19 43.20 43.21 43.22 43.23 43.24 43.25 43.26 43.27 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20220713032443/https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2017-18/myb3-2017-18-korea-south.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 https://gmk.center/en/news/posco-increased-steel-output-by-4-1-q-q-in-q2/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20230531162705/https://www.kedglobal.com/steel/newsView/ked202305300017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=99958. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 47.12 47.13 47.14 (PDF) https://forourclimate.org/hubfs/%5BSFOC%5D%20POSCO%20Profile%20No.1%20-%20Coal%20Tomorrow%20with%20POSCO%20(ENG).pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 https://www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/latest-news/posco-to-start-construction-of-hydrogen-based-pilot-plant-in-june-1292287.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 https://web.archive.org/web/20231015123248/http://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng7/jsp/irinfo/irdata/s91b6000030l.jsp. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 https://www.scribd.com/document/331132828/Project-List-Steel-Plants. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  51. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20221204195423/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/09/29/business/industry/korea-posco-hyundai-steel/20220929163421076.html. Archived from the original on 04 December 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  52. ↑ https://www.google.com/search?q=esg+factbook+posco+2022&sca_esv=568775834&ei=z2QUZYffJImC4-EP6MGuuAU&ved=0ahUKEwjHgoP6psuBAxUJwTgGHeigC1cQ4dUDCBE&uact=5&oq=esg+factbook+posco+2022&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF2VzZyBmYWN0Ym9vayBwb3NjbyAyMDIyMgUQIRigAUiXDFC_BVi2CnABeACQAQCYAacBoAGIBaoBAzAuNbgBA8gBAPgBAcICCRAAGAgYHhiwA8ICBhAAGBYYHsICCBAhGBYYHhgd4gMEGAEgQYgGAZAGAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#:~:text=Search%20Results-ESG%20Factbook. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  53. ↑ [https%3A//www.posco.co.kr%20%E2%80%BA%20servlet%20%E2%80%BA%20FileDown-%E2%91%A1%20Calculations%20for%202022 https%3A//www.posco.co.kr%20%E2%80%BA%20servlet%20%E2%80%BA%20FileDown-%E2%91%A1%20Calculations%20for%202022]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 https://web.archive.org/web/20190921102732/http://www.referenceforbusiness.com:80/history2/83/POHANG-IRON-AND-STEEL-COMPANY-LTD.html. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  55. ↑ https://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng7/jsp/company/posco/s91a1000013c.jsp. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  56. ↑ https://www.flogen.org/sips2018/paper-1-71.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-posco-pohang-off-gas-combined-cycle-power-plant-south-korea/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230523023751/http://www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/latest-news/posco-permanently-shuts-blast-furnace-no-1-at-pohang-plant-1228099.htm. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20221219083954/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/09/12/business/industry/korea-posco-typhoon/20220912175453026.html. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/889132/000119312523123987/d399110d20f.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13753841/steel-plant. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182144/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/blast-furnace-anatomy-2/. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  63. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220521132413/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/meet-the-ai-blast-furnace-of-pohang-works/. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  64. ↑ (PDF) https://m-brochure.poscoenc.com/en/documents/Projects-List_Plant.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20220528110121/https://newsroom.posco.com/en/posco-gets-smart-pohang-blast-furnace-no-3/. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  66. ↑ https://studylib.net/doc/5535054/design-features-of-indian-blast-furnaces. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  67. ↑ https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/POSCO-HOLDINGS-INC-6494927/news/POSCO-Pohang-Blast-Furnace-No-3-Is-Transformed-into-a-Super-large-Blast-Furnace-Equipped-with-Sma-24579009/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  68. ↑ https://valve-world.net/posco-orders-new-paul-wurth-blt-system/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  69. ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015619/https://www.ceramicsrefractories.saint-gobain.com/sites/hps-mac3-cma-pcr/files/assetbank_media/Iron---Steel-Blast-Furnace-brochure-2022-web-2274441.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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