Power Sector Transition in Morocco
Introduction
Morocco is put in an increasingly precarious position by climate change, becoming a "global warming hotspot" with the potential for rainfall declining 20-30% by end of the century. Reliance on imported fossil fuels (which meet 90% of Morocco's energy needs) is starting to dwindle in the face of massive renewables projects.[1] However, projects like the world's largest CSP solar plant, the 5000 MW Ouarzazate Noor Complex, can also dry out critical dams and displace thousands of people.[2]
Since the mid 2000's Morocco has been pushing for enormous renewable projects, boasting year-round sunshine for solar projects.[1] This rapid growth in the renewable energy sector has given the country more energy independence and brought prosperity to some in rural and remote areas.
Current System Description
Current Power Capacity Mix
The installed capacity of Morocco in 2023 in Global Energy Monitor's trackers:[3][4][5][6][7]
| Energy Source | Installed Capacity | Plant number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coal | 4,257MW | 4 plants(14 units) | 50.52% |
| Gas | 870MW | 2 plants | 10.32% |
| Hydropower | 1,395MW | 7 plants | 16.55% |
| Solar | 740MW | 6 plants | 8.78% |
| Wind | 1,165MW | 9 plants | 13.82% |
| Total: 8,427MW | |||
Prospective Capacity
Announced, Pre-construction, under construction from Global Energy Monitor's trackers
| Energy Source | Announced | Pre-construction | Construction | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas[8] | 2,400MW | 457MW | 2,857MW | |
| Hydropower[6] | 128MW | 935MW | 1,063MW | |
| Solar[9] | 67MW | 12,637MW | 824MW | 13,528MW |
| Wind[10] | 5,000MW | 3,500MW | 813MW | 9,313MW |
Renewable Energy in Morocco
Renewable Targets
Morocco’s 2009 National Energy Strategy and Paris Agreement NDC: In 2009 Morocco planned to have 42% renewable installed capacity by 2020-- with wind and solar both increasing exponentially since then; the country hit 37% in 2021[1]That goal was increased once to 52% and then again to 64% by 2030 by the Moroccan government. It should reach 52% by 2025.[11] The country has also committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 17-18% by 2030, with a stretch target of 42-46% if the country receives international support.
COP 26: 40% of Morocco's electricity is coming from coal, but the country committed to building no new coal plants at COP26.[1]
Other Moroccan Government Plans: Decrease consumption by 15% from 2016 levels through efficiency measures. Morocco’s strategy includes an efficiency target of 20 percent by 2030, including specific energy consumption reduction targets and to implement development plans for transportation (-24%), construction (-14%), industry (-22%), agriculture and public lighting (-13%).[12]
Major Renewable Projects
Operating Renewable Energy Project[9][10]
| Project Name | Energy Type | Installed Capacity | Operating Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akhfenir wind farm | Onshore Wind | 202MW | 2014 |
| Al Koudia wind farm | Onshore Wind | 50MW | 2000 |
| Amougdoul Essaouira wind farm | Onshore Wind | 60MW | 2007 |
| Haouma wind farm | Onshore Wind | 51MW | 2014 |
| Khalladi wind farm | Onshore Wind | 120MW | 2021 |
| Lafarge wind farm | Onshore Wind | 32MW | 2005 |
| Midelt wind farm | Onshore Wind | 210MW | 2020 |
| Tangier wind farm | Onshore Wind | 140MW | 2009 |
| Tarfaya wind farm | Onshore Wind | 300MW | 2014 |
| Ben Guerir solar farm | Solar | 18MW | 2021 |
| Noor Ouarzazate solar farm | Solar | 72MW | 2018 |
| Noor Tafilalt Erfoud Solar | Solar | 40MW | 2020 |
| Noor Tafilalt Missour Solar | Solar | 40MW | 2021 |
| Noor Tafilalt Zagora Solar | Solar | 40MW | 2021 |
| ISCC Ain Beni Mathar solar farm | Solar Thermal | 20MW | 2010 |
| Noor Ouarzazate solar farm | Solar Thermal | 510MW | 2016 |
Renewable Energy Projects being announced, pre-construction, and under construction stages[9][10]
| Project Name | Energy Type | Status | Installed Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Eren-Guelmim-Oued Noun wind farm | Unknown Wind Type | Announced | 5,000MW |
| Morocco-UK wind farm | Offshore | Pre-Construction | 3,500MW |
| Akhfenir wind farm | Onshore | Pre-Construction | 50MW |
| Tangier 2 wind farm | Onshore | Pre-Construction | 70MW |
| Taza wind farm | Onshore | Pre-Construction | 150MW |
| Aferkat wind farm | Onshore | Construction | 80MW |
| Al Koudia wind farm | Onshore | Construction | 320MW |
| Cap Cantin wind farm | Onshore | Construction | 108MW |
| Jbel Lahdid wind farm | Onshore | Construction | 270MW |
| Oualidia wind farm | Onshore | Construction | 35MW |
| Noor Midelt solar farm | Solar Thermal | Construction | 400MW |
| Noor PV II solar farm | Solar | Announced | 67MW |
| GPM1 solar farm | Solar | Construction | 34MW |
| Noor Midelt solar farm | Solar | Construction | 400MW |
| Ain Beni Mathar solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 69MW |
| Bejaad solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 48MW |
| El Hajeb solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 36MW |
| Green Power PV Plant solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 30MW |
| Guercif solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 48MW |
| Jerada-Marco Photovoltaique solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 10MW |
| Kelaa Sraghna Solar | Solar | Pre-construction | 48MW |
| Morocco-UK Solar Power | Solar | Pre-construction | 7000MW |
| Noor Atlas Ain Beni Mathar solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 42MW |
| Noor Atlas Bouanane solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 30MW |
| Noor Atlas Boudnib solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 42MW |
| Noor Atlas Boulmane (Enjil) solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 42MW |
| Noor Atlas Outat El Haj solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 36MW |
| Noor Atlas Tan Tan solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 36MW |
| Noor Atlas Tata solar farm | Solar | Pre-construction | 36MW |
| Sidi Bennour Solar | Solar | Pre-construction | 48MW |
| Taroudant Solar | Solar | Pre-construction | 36MW |
| Total Eren-Guelmim-Oued Noun Solar | Solar | Pre-construction | 5000MW |
Potential of Renewables
Solar: Morocco has an average solar potential of 5 kilowatt hours (kWh) per square meter per day, although this varies geographically. [12]
According to the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Sustainable Development, Morocco could potentially generate 25,000 MW of wind power. At present, Morocco has an installed capacity from wind energy of 1466 MW, the second largest volume in Africa behind South Africa.[12]
Wind: Morocco has an estimated potential of 22 GW of fixed offshore wind and 178 GW of floating offshore wind potential within 200 km of its coast.[13]
Hydrogen: The Ministry of Energy estimates that Morocco will be able to achieve a valuable share of the green hydrogen market, between 2 percent and 4 percent of global production by 2030.[12]
Potential impacts from renewable expansion
In Morocco proper, around 80% of the population in rural areas surrounding the Noor complex works in agriculture. With an already arid landscape, water became even more scarce after the project used up supplies from the crucial Al-Monsour Ad Dhabi dam-- which eventually dried up completely.[14]
Fossil Fuel in Morocco
Fossil Resources and Retirement
Coal plants: 1670 MW(2 plants, 3 units) were cancelled[4]
Oil and Gas: Morocco has one major gas field that is under development, Anchois Phase 1, which was discovered in 2009 and production is set to start in 2027.[15] Other fields are known to exist, but have not been pursued due to high costs.[16]
There are no specific rules relating to decommissioning activities at the end of a plant’s operations, except in the context of independent power production projects developed under Law 13-09. Moroccan authorities can still request an operator to restore a site damaged by its activities, in accordance with environmental regulations.[17]
The Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline, an extension of the West African Gas Pipeline, was proposed in 2016; it would connect all of the coastal countries in West Africa. Ending in Tangiers, Morocco and Cádiz, Spain, the pipeline it is estimated to be completed in 2046 and would be the world's longest offshore pipeline.[18][19]
Overview of current fossil fuel impacts
Imported fossil fuels including refined oil, gas, and coal, currently provide over 90 percent of Morocco’s energy needs,
Oil production in Morocco, especially compared to neighboring Algeria, is a small 9,000 tons per year or about 100 barrels per day in 2018. The country has two oil refineries with a total refining capacity of 150,000 barrels per day. Domestic production of energy in general is eclipsed by imports, which make up around 90% of the total.[16]
In 2021, Greenpeace MENA published a report mentioning the air pollution from coal in Morocco. Casablanca was the most polluted city in Morocco in terms of NO2. To the south west of Casablanca, pollution from the Jorf Lasfar power station is clearly discernible as a hotspot.[20]
Another report from the Greenpeace MENA report, Toxic Air: The Real Cost of Fossil Fuels, mentioned that Morocco is one of the countries with the highest estimated number of related deaths per year, 5,100 in 2018, ranks after Egypt, the top on the list for air pollution-related deaths. From the economic perspective, the average annual cost Morocco suffers due to air pollution caused by fossil fuel emissions is estimated at 0.9% of its GDP, or $1.1 billion (MAD 11 billion) annually.[21][22]
Employment
Current employment by sector
According to a World Bank report in 2021, people working in the Electricity, gas, and water sectors in 2019 was 10,231. No breakdowns on what proportion of the total worked in coal and gas power plants.[23]
In 2020 Morocco's renewable energy sector was projected to create 26,000 jobs.[24]
The Noor I CSP plant created around 1,000 construction employment opportunities and 60 permanent jobs during the operation and maintenance phase. [25]
Prospective employment from the renewable energy sector
The Forum EuroMediterraneen des Instituts de Sciences Economiques (FEMISE) released a study in May of 2012 that estimated the renewable energy and sustainable development sectors in Morocco could create up to 482,005 jobs by 2040.[26]
The Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project is expected to create nearly 10,000 jobs in Morocco, and 2,000 of those positions will be permanent.[27]
Land availability
8,000 villagers lost access to collective pasture in 2010 due to land acquisition for renewables projects with little recourse since the Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN) asserts it’s an empty, arid waste– which was used to legitimize buying the land for 15 cents a square meter.[2]
A number of plants are slated to follow the same trend and be built in the disputed Saharan Provinces or Western Sahara.[28][28]
Civil Society Engagement
Mosques more sustainable w/ solar panels (Moroccan Youth Center for Sustainable Energy)[1]
Protests that did occur against land acquisition by MASEN were short-lived mobilizations that involved mostly men and which quickly shifted into competition among residents to secure one of the 2,000–3,000 jobs that MASEN had promised them on the construction site.[2]
Protests did occur during the land sale phase for Noor, and lead to a series of community development projects, such as programs to get girls into middle and high school, but these ended up being paid for largely by residents rather than the company.
In 2017 eight activists were jailed after a series of demonstrations demanding jobs, including a nine-day hunger strike.[28]
The heavily coal-reliant electricity sector increased consumer prices in 2015 for the first time since 2009, sparking protests.[24]
Symbolic Importance
Morocco’s transition to renewables and expansion of its grid are creating not only a path towards energy independence, but a shift toward independence from French colonial rule. Physical and trade infrastructure built under French rule was designed to exploit Morocco and benefit France; this could be seen clearly when France caused 95% of Morocco's trade deficit in 1950 and exploited mineral and agricultural goods from the Kingdom as part of its recovery from World War II.[29]
Mosques more sustainable w/ solar panels (Moroccan Youth Center for Sustainable Energy)[1]
With Noor, extractive governance and development come intertwined in farming initiatives, road paving, health care campaigns and schooling programs, among other projects. In this way, villagers have daily encounters with extractivism as development and with MASEN as a new governing authority.[2]
Governmental information
The Monarchy has vast influence over energy policy in Morocco. In recent decades, there has been a massive push for rural electrification and renewable energy, with the King's unconditional support.
ONEE, Morocco's only major energy producer, had a monopoly on electricity production until 1994.[30] ONEE still has a monopoly over the construction and operation of transmission lines, and is responsible for the operating and expanding the Moroccan grid.[17]
In 2014 the Moroccan government reformed fossil fuel subsidies that benefitted rural communities, ending those for gasoline and oil, cutting subsidies for diesel, but continuing to pay for butane. This reduced the government's spending on fossil fuels by billions of dollars over the past several years, which could then by funneled into renewable energies.[24]
While there has been a decrease in government support for fossil fuels, they account for two thirds of Morocco's annual budget deficit.[1]
Related government papers
Law No. 39-89: authorized the transfer of public enterprises to the private sector, which kick-started the wave of privatizations in the early 1990s.[30]
Legislative Decree No. 94-503 of 1994: ended the monopoly of ONE and allowed private electricity producers to enter the market[30]
Law No. 1-95-141 of 1995: allowed the liberalization of the petroleum products market.[30]
The Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Environment has submitted an amendment to Law 13-09 on Renewable Energy and Law 16-08 on Self-Generation to the General Secretariat of the Government. These amendments aim to improve the legislative and regulatory framework governing renewable energy projects by the private sector, while guaranteeing the security and viability of the national electricity system. “[12]
Relevant political coalitions
A study from the Forum EuroMediterraneen des Instituts de Sciences Economiques (FEMISE) suggests that Morocco and Tunisia partner with European Union neighbors to create sustainable energy infrastructure both to promote development in the African countries, and to help EU countries meet their emissions targets. However, studies like this are biased toward the EU, and go on to mention China's increasing influence as a trade partner in Morocco.[31][32]
Mediterranean Energy Regulators, or MEDREG, is a regional organization founded in 2007, comprising 27 regulators from the 22 countries of the Mediterranean basin. Its members, which include Morocco, aim to integrate all of their energy markets into a single Euro-Mediterranean market.[33]
RegulaE.Fr, the French-speaking energy regulators’ network, consists of 28 energy regulation authorities from Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. The group shares information on good practices, training programs for members, and facilitates cooperation between them.[34]
RETA, or the Regulatory Energy Transition Accelerator, connects regulators globally to support their mobilization in favor of effective, swift, and equitable decarbonation of their energy systems. This initiative provides the lesson learned from sectors which have seen significant progress. RETA was launched by the British regulator, OFGEM, in collaboration with the International Energy Agency, the International Agency of Renewable Energies, and the World Bank.[35]
Transmission
Current transmission resources
Morocco has been a net exporter of electricity since 2019, with 1,207.7 gigawatt hours (Gwh) exported. This mainly results from the start of commercial operation of the 1600 MW Safi thermal power plant activities in December 2018, which has capacity to meet 25% of the national electricity demand.
ONEE has a monopoly on on construction and operation of transmission lines, and is responsible for operating and expanding the Moroccan power transmission grid. Aside from a small isolated network in the extreme south of the country, the transmission grid covers the entire country and is interconnected with the European and Algerian power networks. The transmission grid consists of 1,693 km of 400-kV transmission lines, 8,389 km of 225-kV transmission lines, 147 km of 115-kV transmission lines, 11,625 km of 60-kV transmission lines and 37 substations. (These stats are from 2015.)[36]
New transmission needed for renewables
Transmission interconnection with Spain:
The Spain-Morocco interconnection includes two 400 kV lines, commissioned in 1997 and 2006.The two countries are planning a third, and the three interconnections will be able to produce 1,500 MW. These lines export energy from Morocco to Spain.[37]
Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project:
Morocco plans to export renewable energy to the UK through what will be the longest subsea cable in the world. The cable will eventually connect to the 10.5 GW solar and wind farm that will be built in Guelmim-Oued Noun region. A factory is being built in Scotland to manufacture these cables which will need to be 2,361 miles long and require 90,000 metric tons of steel. The project is expected to create nearly 10,000 jobs in Morocco, and 2,000 of those positions will be permanent. Morocco generates three to five times more power through solar than the UK does depending on the season.[27]
Social and environmental impacts of new transmission
Morocco’s rural electrification rate has skyrocketed from 18% in 1995 to nearly 100% today. These efforts were supported unconditionally by the monarchy, and relied heavily on solar– especially for areas where connecting to the grid was infeasible.[38] This expansion has benefitted rural communities across the country, helping farmers pump water and irrigate crops in the arid region.[39]
However, this rapid growth in the renewable energy sector has exacerbated land disputes driven by colonial-era laws. In rural Morocco where massive renewable projects are being constructed, most people are employed as farmers, and some are nomadic. Morocco's 1919 collective land law makes it so revenues from the sale or lease of collective land are deposited in accounts kept by the Ministry of Interior; tribal confederations cannot gain access to these funds or even find out how much is due to them.[28]
Ownership
Morocco's state utility the Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable (ONEE), holds a monopoly over the country’s transmission network and is involved in all sales of electricity. ONEE also accounts for around a third of total generation, and over half of the electricity produced in Morocco is from private generation plants. More than half of the distribution and retail sectors of the power market are also controlled by ONEE, but private sector participation is also high.[40][41]
Major owners of current fossil capacity
Operating coal power plant ownerships:[42]
- TAQA Morocco: 6 plants 2056MW
- Safi Energy Company: 2 plants 1386MW
- Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable: 5 plants 465MW
- Office National de l’Electricité (ONE), Sepco III: 1 plant 350MW
Gas power plant ownership:[43]
- announced: Office National de l'Électricité du Maroc (ONE) [100%], 2400MW, 4 plants
- construction: Energie Electrique de Tahaddart (EET) [100%], 457MW, 1 plant
- operating: Energie Electrique de Tahaddart (EET) [100%], 400MW, 1 plant/ Office National de l'Électricité du Maroc (ONE) [100%] 470MW, 1 plant
Major owners of prospective renewables
Foreign private companies are some of the primary beneficiaries of Morocco's renewable transition. For solar installations, this includes the French company Engie, the Spanish Gamesa, the Saudi ACWA, the Emirati Taqa, and German company Siemens. The wind company benefitting most from the transition is Nareva, whose parent company Al Mada has a history of pollution disasters in its silver mining and sugar producing affiliates.
Finance
Potential providers of wind/solar finance
The African Development Bank Group, or AfDB, is the major financier of Morocco's renewables projects. A few examples include the Ain Béni Mathar Project, which recieved US$221.97 million (two thirds of the project cost) from the African Development Bank, and the second electrical interconnection between Morocco and Spain which got US$158 million.[39]
Some of the massive renewables projects, like the Noor Ouarzazate Complex, were funded by the AfDB at around €500 million Phase I was entirely funded by AfDB. Phase II required $2 billion in investment and consisted of 80% loan and 20% equity.[25]
Other
Articles and resources
Related GEM.wiki articles
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Aida Alami. "How Morocco went big on solar energy". Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Salime, Zakia (Spring 2021). "https://merip.org/2021/04/life-in-the-vicinity-of-moroccos-noor-solar-energy-project-2/". Merip.org. Retrieved 6/15/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help); External link in|title= - ↑ Global Bioenergy Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, January 2023 release
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Global Coal Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, January 2023 release.
- ↑ Global Geothermal Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, January 2023 release.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Hydropower Tracker, May 2023 release
- ↑ Global Nuclear Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, January 2023 release
- ↑ Global Gas Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, February 2023 release
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Global Solar Power Tracker Global Energy Monitor, May 2023
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Global Wind Power Tracker Global Energy Monitor, May 2023
- ↑ "Morocco raises renewables energy target to 64% by 2030 -newspaper". Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 1. "Morocco - Energy". International Trade Administration | Trade.gov. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Going Global: Expanding Offshore Wind to Emerging Markets" (PDF). worldbank.org. October 2019. Retrieved 6/22/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Douglas, Georgia (03/21/2023). "SHINING A LIGHT ON THE INJUSTICES OF THE NOOR OUARZAZATE SOLAR PLANT". empowordjournalism.com. Retrieved 6/16/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=and|date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Global Oil and Gas Extraction Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, February 2023
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Morocco: Oil and Gas Industry". mbendi.co.za. Retrieved 6/23/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Electricity regulation in Morocco: Overview" (PDF). January 1, 2021. Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Africa Business Communities. "NNPC highlights benefits of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline". Africa Business Communities (in Nederlands). Retrieved 2023-06-29.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ Patrick M (2022-05-09). "Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates". Constructionreview. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ DANGEROUS NO2 AIR POLLUTION IN MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICAN CITIES HAS INCREASED BACK TO PRE-COVID LEVELS Greenpeace MENA, Dec 2021
- ↑ Greenpeace MENA: Air Pollution Kills Over 5,000 in Morocco Per Year Morocco World News, June-24-2020
- ↑ TOXIC AIR: THE PRICE OF FOSSIL FUELS Morocco World News, June 2020
- ↑ [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/21f7f2c5-cad0-57bf-8813-52d2c31f25fa/content Morocco’s Jobs Landscape Identifying Constraints to an Inclusive Labor Market] World Bank Group, 2021
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Morocco: Fuel Subsidy Reform Designed to Support a Just Transition to Renewable Energy". wri.org. April 1, 2021. Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex in Morocco, World's Largest Concentrated Solar Power Plant". helioscsp.com. Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Lorca, Alejandro (2013-12-13). "Renewable Energies and Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean: Morocco and the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP)?". Femise. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lewis, Michelle. "The world's longest subsea cable will send clean energy from Morocco to the UK [update]". Electrek.co. Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Atman, Aoui (Fall 2020). "Global Aspirations and Local Realities of Solar Energy in Morocco". Retrieved 6/16/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Samir Bennis - Morocco World News. "What Moroccan Schools Do Not Teach About the Toxic Legacy of France's Protectorate". https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
{{cite news}}: External link in|work= - ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Seddiq Sebbahi (2019-03-11). "Legislative framework for renewable energy in Morocco". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ↑ Luke Tyson - Morocco World News. "Renewable Energy to Create 400,000 Moroccan Jobs Over Next 20 Years". https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
{{cite news}}: External link in|work= - ↑ Amine Bennis (2021-01-26). "Power surge: How the European Green Deal can succeed in Morocco and Tunisia". ECFR. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
- ↑ "Who we are". www.medreg-regulators.org. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ↑ "Qui Sommes-Nous? Organisation". regulae.fr. Retrieved 6/28/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "RETA – International collaborations - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ↑ Amegroud, Tayeb (2015). "Morocco's Power Sector Transition: Achievements and Potential" (PDF). Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Morocco-Spain interconnection: Submarine power cable repaired". northafricapost.com. September 5, 2020. Retrieved 6/27/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Jacquot, Gregiore (May 2020). "Reaching Universal Energy Access in Morocco: A Successful Experience in Solar Concessions" (PDF). Energy.mit.edu. Retrieved 6/21/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 39.0 39.1 African Development Bank (2019-01-25). "Morocco making giant strides in electrification". African Development Bank Group - Making a Difference. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ "Climate Scope: Morocco". climatescope.org. Retrieved 6/26/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Usman, Zainab (November 19, 2019). "What Can Developing Countries Learn from Morocco's Experience with Power Sector Reforms?". blogs.worldbank.org. Retrieved 6/26/2023.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Global Coal Plant Tracker Global Energy Monitor, Jan 2023
- ↑ Global Gas Plant Tracker Global Energy Monitor, Feb 2023
