Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)
Bolivia's overall energy mix is dominated by fossil fuels, with natural gas (50%) and petroleum products (31%) supplying most of the country's energy in 2020.[1]
In 2021, Bolivia's national electricity agency ENDE announced its intention to generate up to 80% of the country's power from renewable sources by 2025.[2] However, as of 2020, nearly two-thirds of Bolivia's electricity was still being generated from fossil fuels (65%), with an additional 29.3% coming from hydro (down from 31.7% in 2019), 2.5% from solar (up from 1.9%), 0.6% from wind, and 2.6% from other renewable sources.[1][3]
Greenhouse gas emissions
Bolivian government statements attest climate change was triggered by the "failed capitalist system".[4] However, Bolivia's greenhouse gas emissions target has been extensively criticized by local environmental activists who claim the NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) is not nearly sufficient for protecting the environment of Bolivia.[5] Bolivia saw an astounding increase of 503.48% in greenhouse gas emissions from 102,900 in 2010 to 620,981 in 2011.[6] According to the IEA, Bolivia emitted 21.04 million metric tons of CO2 in 2018, up more than 300% from 1990.[7] Bolivia has not updated its contributions target since October 2015 and as of 2021 they are projected to see an increase in per-capita emissions.[8] Bolivia also states they cannot adequately address climate change without capacity development, technological development, and adequate historical responsibility.[9]
Government agencies & other key players
National energy ministry
The Bolivian energy sector, which is almost completely nationalized, is headed by the MHE (Ministerio de Hidrocarburos del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia) whose mission, according to their website, is to create policies that promote the integrated development of the energy sector in a manner that is equitable and in harmony with Mother Earth.[10]
Permitting agencies
MMAyA (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua) is the national agency responsible for issuing environmental licenses. Bolivia has aimed to simplify their permitting process for new mining projects.[11] The AJAM (Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera) is responsible for permitting and exploration licenses.[12]
Regulatory agencies
The main regulatory bodies in Bolivia are: AE (Authority of Fiscalization and Social Control of Energy), the Vice Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy, and the Vice Ministry of High Energy Technologies.[13] The electricity industry in Bolivia is regulated by the Electricity Law 1604 and operational standards proposed by the National Dispatch Committee and then approved by the AE.[13] The mining industry is regulated by the Mining and Metallurgy Law no. 535 of May 2014 that outlines procedures for mining rights, administrative rights, loss of mining rights, and mining taxation.[12] Additionally, any mining projects must also gain approval from environmental bodies in Bolivia.[12] AJAM also plays a role in regulation.[14]
Electric utilities
ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad) is responsible for the execution of electric and energy policies.
National oil company
YPFB (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos) is the state-owned enterprise in charge of exploration, exploitation, refining, industrialization, distribution, and commercialization of all oil and natural gas products.[15][16]
Electricity usage
Installed capacity
As of 2020, Bolivia's installed electrical capacity was 3,712 MW.[1]
Production
The SIN (Sistema Interconectado Nacional) is responsible for the majority of electricity produced in Bolivia while the rest is produced on Aislados (off grid systems).[17] Companies operating on the SIN can only work in one of the electricity fields: generation, transmission, or distribution.[17] TDE (Transportadora de Electricidad) and ISA Bolivia are the main transmission companies working in the SIN.[17] The most important Aislados are SETAR (Servicios Eléctricos Tarija), ENDE (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad), and CRE (Cooperativa Regional de Electricidad). As of 2020, 61% of SIN and 93% of Aislados' electrical capacity is powered by fossil fuels.[18]
In March 2022, Bolivia began exporting electricity to Argentina via the Juana Azurduy de Padilla 132 kV electric transmission line, becoming an electricity exporter for the first time.[19]
Demand
Bolivia's PEVD (Programa Electricidad para Vivir con Dignidad) aims to continually increment electricity access in Bolivia until there is universal access.[20] Between 2014 and 2019, 4,300 households were connected to the power grid in Bolivia.[21]
Consumption
Countrywide, Bolivians consume an annual total of 7.79 bn kWh, a per capita consumption of 676 kWh annually.[22]
Coal in Bolivia
Bolivia does not produce, consume, or import coal.[23][24] Bolivia does not have any new coal sources or projects as of 2021.
Oil & Natural Gas in Bolivia
Domestic Production
Bolivia is the largest producer and exporter of natural gas in South America.[25] The 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan aimed to develop natural gas activity through exploration, industrialization, and an increase in power generation.[25] However, since 2014 Bolivian gas production has been declining due to mature fields and lack of recent discoveries.[26] Between 2014-2019, natural gas production decreased by approximately 25%.[27] During 2019, Bolivia announced a 30% reduction in gas reserves at the same time it began to experience an extended period of political turmoil leading many countries to shy away from long term contracts.[26][28]
Consumption
Bolivia's rising domestic consumption and declining overall gas production will make Bolivian gas exports scarce by 2025.[26]
Imports & source countries
Bolivia has begun to import crude oil due to jumps in demand for fuel within the country.[29] Bolivia imports refined petroleum products from the United States, Chile, and Argentina as well as importing petroleum.[30] However, the import of mineral fuels, including oil, dropped 42% between 2019-2020 likely due to the impacts of COVID-19.[31]
Proposed new sources & projects
The Boycobo Sur X1 hydrocarbons field was discovered in December 2020, with reserves of approximately one trillion cubic feet.[32] By the end of 2021 Bolivia expects the field to enter into production in the Boycobo Sur X1 field.[33]
The Yarara X1 well in Yapacani, Santa Cruz was also discovered in December 2020 with 13.7 million barrels of oil and 76.8 billion cubic feet of natural gas.[33]
New projects in Bolivia are threatened by Brazil and Argentina enhancing their own production.[34]
Transport
Bolivia has an extensive network of oil and gas pipelines[35][36][37][38], including international pipelines facilitating exports to neighboring countries. Bolivia's gas exports to Brazil, primarily through the Gasbol Gas Pipeline, have greatly suffered due to declining production, increased domestic demand, political turmoil and the impact of COVID-19.[39][40] Bolivia's long-standing contract to supply Brazil with natural gas expired in December 2019, and Brazil's state-owned petroleum company Petrobras has since reduced its commitment to buy Bolivian gas, though private customers in southern Brazil have express interest in taking up the slack.[41] The contract for the Yabog gas pipeline between Bolivia and Argentina expires in 2026 with little likelihood of Argentina continuing the relationship.[26]
Renewable Energy in Bolivia
Bolivia's Supreme Decree 2048 and Plan para el Desarrollo de las Energías Alternativas 2025, both issued in 2014, encourage clean energy development. In 2018, Bolivia had 30 renewable energy projects underway.[42] As of 2021, hydro energy made up the majority of renewable energy generation.[43] In February 2021, Bolivia's largest solar plant, Oruro PV Solar Plant, came online in Ancotanga, Caracollo on the high plateau which now contributes to the SIN.[43]
A 2021 study projected that Bolivia could achieve 2 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.[44] In March 2021, the Bolivian government introduced Supreme Decree 4477 which allows owners of small sized, distributed generated renewable energy systems (primarily solar) to sell excess power to the grid.[45]
Bolivia intends to expand their renewable energy sector with new projects but as of November 2021 had released no details.[46]
Lithium
A lithium extraction pilot plant began operating in December 2021.[47] The Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy stated in 2022 that lithium is going to be a pillar of the Bolivian economy in the coming years with approximately 21 million tons of lithium in the Salar de Uyuni.[48] The lithium extraction industry is impacting water supplies, wildlife, and the tourism industry.
Iron & Steel in Bolivia
The steel industry in Bolivia has had several false starts, largely due to environmental concerns.[49] The National Steel Plan established in 2014 focuses on development and investment in the steel industry, along with logistics for exporting products.[49] China invested nearly $400 million in the Bolivian steel industry in 2018.[50] The steel industry creates approximately 4,500 direct and indirect jobs.[50] ESM (Empresa Siderurgica del Mutún) is the state run iron ore and steel making company with notable exports to Argentina and Germany.[51] The El Mutún mine is off of the main power grid and has turned to the localized power solution of gas engines to power equipment.[52]
Environmental & social impacts of energy in Bolivia
The Bolivian constitution guarantees respect for Pachamama (Mother Earth).[53] However, resource extraction in Bolivia has been very destructive to the environment, as with the opening of protected territories to oil and gas exploration and exploitation.[54] Mining has been blamed for drought conditions because of the extensive water used by the mining industry; the industry uses daily what the entire capital city of La Paz uses in two days.[55] Ethnic groups in isolated areas are particularly vulnerable to countrywide water scarcity concerns.[56] Exposure to mines also puts communities at risk through contamination of agricultural fields.[57] Conservationists and environmentalists in Bolivia have been growing more active as they try to protect Bolivian land from the harmful impacts of ousted President Evo Morales' legacy.[58]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2021". OLADE. November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Times, The Rio (2021-09-22). "Bolivia aims to meet up to 80% of its energy needs with renewables by 2025". The Rio Times. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
- ↑ "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2020 (p 90)". OLADE. November 27, 2020.
- ↑ "INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "COP25 y la petición de que Bolivia deje las falsas soluciones frente al cambio climático". Página Siete. December 13, 2019.
- ↑ "Bolivia Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 1970-2021". Macrotrends. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)". The University of Melbourne Climate Energy College. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "INDC Project Actions and Impacts: Bolivia". UNDP. July 31, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Misión y Visión". MHE (Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energías). Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia, Colombia simplify mine permitting". BNamericas. December 5, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Mining in Bolivia: overview". Thomson Reuters Practical Law. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Electricity Regulation in Bolivia: Overview". Thomson Reuters Practical Law. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "¿Qué es la AJAM?". AJAM (Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera). Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Misión y Visión". Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ "Most profitable oil & gas companies in Bolivia | Statista". Statista. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Bolivia Energy Situation". Energypedia. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Peña Balderrama, Jenny Gabriela (December 18, 2020). "Exploring low-carbon development pathways for Bolivia: A model-based analysis focused on the energy sector" (PDF). KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Sánchez Molina, Pilar (February 17, 2022). "Finalizará en marzo la construcción de la línea eléctrica que conecta Bolivia y Argentina". PV Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Programa Electricidad para Vivir con Dignidad". Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Increasing Access to Electricity and Renewable Energy in Bolivia". World Bank. October 15, 2020.
- ↑ "Energy consumption in Bolivia". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ "Bolivia Coal Reserves and Consumption Statistics - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ "Bolivia Coal Imports by Year (Thousand Short Tons)". www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Bolivia Overview". The Energy Year. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Argentina, Brazil set to lose most Bolivian gas imports by 2025". Oil & Gas Journal. November 10, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Natural gas production in Bolivia 2019 | Statista". Statista. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ↑ Graham, Thomas. "Bolivia's Economic Model Is Running Out of Gas". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "BNamericas - Bolivia eyes crude imports as fuel use jumps". BNamericas.com. December 6, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
- ↑ "Bolivia's Top 10 Imports". World's Top Exports. March 1, 2021.
- ↑ "Bolivia Discovers New Natural Gas and Oil Field". teleSUR. December 24, 2020.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Bolivia announces new discovery of mega gas field - Xinhua | English.news.cn". XinhuaNet. December 25, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Crisis in Bolivia halts gas exploration projects". World Oil. November 12, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia: Mapa de Gasoductos" (PDF). ANH. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Sistema de Transporte por Gasoductos" (PDF). ANH. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia: Mapa Oleoductos" (PDF). ANH. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Sistema de Transporte por Oleoductos" (PDF). ANH. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Argentina, Brazil set to lose most Bolivian gas imports by 2025". Oil & Gas Journal. November 10, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Bolivia delays elections again as gas sector sputters". Argus Media. July 24, 2020.
- ↑ "Bolivia cleared to sell gas to end-users in Brazil". Argus Media. January 13, 2020.
- ↑ "Bolivia strives to become LatAm's green energy leader - Xinhua | English.news.cn". XinhuaNet. October 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Bolivia largest solar plant comes on line". Smart Energy International. February 16, 2021.
- ↑ "Bolivia can achieve 2GW of renewables capacity by 2030 – study". Power Engineering International. August 18, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Sánchez Molina, Pilar (March 31, 2021). "Bolivia introduces net metering for rooftop PV". PV Magazine. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Sánchez Molina, Pilar (November 3, 2021). "Bolivia prevé duplicar generación eléctrica con fuentes renovables hasta 2030, pero no da detalles". PV Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Sánchez Molina, Pilar (December 17, 2021). "Comienza a operar en Bolivia una planta piloto de extracción de litio de EnergyX". PV Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Sánchez Molina, Pilar (January 18, 2022). ""El litio va a ser el pilar de la economía de Bolivia en unos años», según su Ministro de Hidrocarburos y Energía". PV Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 49.0 49.1 "China enters Bolivia's steel industry". Dialogo Chino. July 22, 2015.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Bolivia boosts steel industry with $446 million investment". Agencia EFE. April 2, 2018.
- ↑ "Bolivia's ESM to export 250,000 mt of iron ore to ArcelorMittal and ThyssenKrupp". SteelOrbis. June 11, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "MAN Energy gas engines power remote Bolivia iron ore plant". Power Engineering. December 12, 2019.
- ↑ "Bolivia: 'For a lasting solution to the climate crisis we must destroy capitalism'". Euractiv. October 14, 2015.
- ↑ "Fracking in the Bolivian jungle". The Ecologist. June 24, 2019.
- ↑ "Is mining to blame for the drought in Bolivia?". Al Jazeera. December 7, 2016.
- ↑ "The Silent Advance of Chinese Mining in Bolivia Worsens Water Scarcity and Pollution". Upside Down World. October 30, 2017.
- ↑ "New Research on Bolivian Mines". Saint Francis University. May 24, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Conservationists urge reforms in Bolivia after environmental, political crises". Mongabay Environmental News. March 27, 2020.
