Energy profile: Colombia

From Global Energy Monitor
This page is part of Global Energy Monitor's Latin America Energy Portal.
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Overview

Colombia's energy matrix has long relied primarily on hydropower, supplemented by fossil fuels; these sources typically combine to generate[1] over 95%[2] of Colombia's electricity. Periodic droughts[3] and rising demand[4] have put a strain on electricity supply, as have Colombia's dwindling reserves[5] of domestic fossil gas.

Despite strong support from the Petro government (2022-2026) for non-conventional renewables, implementation has been slower[6] than in other major LAC countries, with only 34 MW of installed wind farm capacity and 1392 MW of installed solar as of 2024[7]. Contributing factors to Colombia's relatively anemic wind and solar development[8] include conflicts with local communities[9] (especially in La Guajira[10]), difficulties[11] in permitting[12], and delays in the construction of transmission lines.

However, year-over-year solar capacity has roughly doubled[13] for each of the past four years, and the country's RE potential remains significant. Colombia ranks second[14] in the LAC region with 32 GW of prospective utility-scale solar projects and third[15] in prospective utility-scale wind (11 GW).

To address its impending energy deficit, Colombia continues to look at importing gas from elsewhere, including via new LNG regasification[16] terminals near Buenaventura, such as the Aguadulce terminal, on Colombia's Pacific coast. During the Petro administration, major oil companies began leaving the country or scaling back operations in the face of stricter regulations and diminishing prospects[17], although the recent discovery[18] of the massive Sirius offshore gas reserves off of La Guajira could create renewed incentives for domestic fossil gas development. For the moment, the country's 4 GW of proposed gas plants[19] show no signs of moving forward, and the top five generation projects currently under construction are all hydro or solar[20]. Colombia joined the Powering Past Coal Alliance in 2023, committing to a phased elimination of coal-fired electricity, but the country still ranks fourth regionally[21] in operating coal capacity (1.6 GW), and it is unclear whether Colombia's five active coal plants can be retired in time to meet the national coal phaseout target of 2030[22].

Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

In 2025, Colombia generated 22.98% of its electricity from fossil fuels and 77.01% from non-fossil sources. The breakdown was as follows:[23]

  • 69.20% hydro
  • 13.76% gas
  • 6.12% coal
  • 5.09% solar
  • 3.10% other fossil fuels
  • 2.56% bioenergy
  • 0.17% wind

As of 2024, fossil fuels accounted for 27.86% of Colombia's installed electrical capacity, with non-fossil energy sources making up the remaining 72.14%, as detailed below:[24]

  • 61.86% hydro
  • 27.86% fossil fuels
  • 9.21% solar
  • 0.98% bioenergy
  • 0.09% wind

As of 2020, the key components of Colombia's total energy supply were petroleum (38%), natural gas (25%), coal (13%), and hydro (12%).[25]

With high rainfall rates and a topography favorable for hydroelectric power projects, Colombia has developed hydro as its primary source of electricity, comprising two-thirds of installed capacity and electrical generation in 2020.[25][26] In times of normal rainfall, hydraulic generation is capable of supplying about 85% of the country's demand.[27] Fossil fuels provide most of Colombia's remaining electricity needs, with biomass, solar and wind making only minor contributions as of 2020.[25]

Over the next decade, Colombia plans to expand its emphasis on renewables, raising installed capacity of other renewable sources from 2% in 2018 to 21% by 2030, with the largest growth in onshore wind energy.[28] The environmental permitting agency of Colombia, ANLA, approved the first permit for a large wind farm in 2018.[29]

Annual carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from different fuel types, measured in tonnes in 2019. Source: Our World in Data

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

In December 2020, President Duque updated Colombia's NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) to reflect a 51% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (compared to the country's original reduction pledge).[30] Meeting these emissions targets by 2030 implied a need to enact policies to speed the transition away from coal and prevent deforestation, which accounted for 16.68% of Colombia's total emissions.[31] Colombia's long-term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 made its NDC one of the most ambitious in Latin America and the Caribbean.[31]

Colombia submitted its third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) to the UNFCCC in December 2025. The new NDC set a more ambitious 2035 emissions target while retaining the country’s existing 2030 commitment. Under the new NDC Colombia would limit net greenhouse-gas emissions to 169.44 MtCO₂e in 2030 and to 155–161 MtCO₂e in 2035, keeping the country on a pathway toward carbon neutrality by 2050; Colombia also committed to reducing black-carbon emissions to 6,130–8,873 tonnes by 2035 and to lowering annual deforestation to 37,500–49,999 hectares. In the energy sector, NDC 3.0 called for a substantial transition away from fossil fuels, including a progressive phase-out of two coal-fired power plants by 2035, with replacement by non-conventional renewable energy, electrification of mining operations using renewable electricity, and capture and utilization of fugitive methane from coal mining. It also promoted increased deployment of renewable generation, green hydrogen and sustainable biomass, energy-efficiency improvements across electricity, hydrocarbons and mining, demand-side management, time-of-use electricity tariffs, distributed storage, advanced metering and eventually smart grids; the document specifically identified these technologies as means of reducing fossil-fuel use and improving the efficiency and flexibility of the electricity system.[32]

As of 2021, land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) was Colombia’s largest source of net greenhouse-gas emissions, accounting for 34.49%, followed closely by the energy sector at approximately 32.71%.[33]

Source: Our World in Data

Energy Policy Trends

In 2021, the MADS (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development) launched the Colombia Carbon Neutral Strategy (ECCN), an early action mechanism that forms part of the E2050 Long-Term Strategy. In March 2022, Iván Duque's administration approved the 4075 CONPES (National Council for Economic and Social Policy), a policy that establishes guidelines, strategies and actions for the energy transition and decarbonization for the next 6 years.[34]

Since August 2022, Colombia's energy policy under President Gustavo Petro has called for increased development of renewable energy sources and reduced economic dependence on fossil fuels.[35][36]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy ministry

The MME (Ministerio de Minas y Energía), formed in 1974, oversees Colombia's mining industry, mineral industry, and electricity sector. UPME (Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética) is the branch of the MME responsible for planning development of the country's energy and mineral resources.

Permitting agencies

ANLA (Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales) is the national permitting agency for projects based on their environmental effects. An environmental permit must be obtained from both ANLA and the regional environmental agency.[37]

Regulatory agencies

CREG (Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas), created in 1994, is responsible for promoting competition between the entities involved in the electricity sector and the regulation of electricity and gas utilities in accordance with laws 142 and 143.[38]

ANH (Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos) is the national agency in charge of administration and regulation of Colombia's domestic hydrocarbon resources.[39][40]

SSPD (La Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios) oversees public utility companies in Colombia.

Electric utilities

ISA (Interconexión Eléctrica SA) is Colombia's main electrical transmission company.[38] The electricity sector is monitored and administered by CND (Centro Nacional de Despacho), ASIC (Administrador del Sistema de Intercambios Comerciales), and LAC (Liquidador y Administrador de Cuentas).[41]

National oil company

Majority state-owned Ecopetrol is Colombia's leading oil company and one of the four largest oil and gas companies in Latin America, alongside Mexico's Pemex, Brazil's Petrobras, and Venezuela's PDVSA; the Colombian government holds 88.49% of Ecopetrol's shares.[42][43][44]

Leading energy companies

Drummond Ltd. is the leading coal company in Colombia and creates approximately 10,000 jobs within Colombia.[40]

Leading electricity companies in Colombia include EMGESA, Empresas Públicas de Medellín, and ISAGEN.[38]

Six companies manage more than 90 % of the renewable energy market: Isagen, AES Colombia, Celsia, EPM, Enel Bogotá and EDP Renewables.[45]

Energy sector employment data

Colombia has Latin America's second largest workforce in the renewable energy sector, just behind Brazil.[46] Of the approximately 266,000 jobs in the renewable sector in 2020, 194,000 were in liquid biofuels, 51,300 in hydropower, 18,600 in solid biomass, 4,000 in wind power, and approximately 1,000 in solar photovoltaic.[46]

Electricity usage

The Colombian electricity sector is comprised of both the National Interconnected System (SIN) and several isolated local systems in the Non-Interconnected Zones (ZNI),[38] where electrical services are provided by small-scale independent systems. The SIN includes generation plants, the interconnection network, regional transmission, interregional transmission and 27,916 kilometers of distribution networks.[47]

The SIN makes up a third of the territory and provides coverage to 96% of the population, while the ZNI system only provides service to 4% of the population but covers the remaining two thirds of the country.[48]

Installed capacity

Hydropower is the main electricity source in Colombia, accounting for 67.24% of installed capacity in 2020, followed by thermal power stations (31.46%). Other minor contributors include biomass (0.85%), solar (0.34%) and wind (0.1%).[25]

Production

Colombia produced just over 69 TWh of electricity in 2020, fueled almost entirely by hydro power (71.89%) and fossil fuels (26.77%).[25]

The three-year construction delay at the Hidroituango hydroelectric plant created concerns about near-term energy shortages in Colombia, leading CREG to establish incentives for projects which could bridge the gap until the opening of Hidroituango, which is expected to cover more than 15% of Colombia's energy needs.[38]

In November 2021, the CREG (Comisión de Regulación de Energía, Gas, y Combustibles) announced Resolution 174, which will streamline the ability of distributed energy generators to give back to the SIN (Sistema Interconectada Nacional).[49]

Demand

IPSE (Instituto de Planificación y Promoción de Soluciones Energéticas) is an affiliate of the MME which focuses on meeting the electricity demands of rural, underserved areas in the non-interconnected zones of Colombia.

Consumption

During 2020, per capita electricity usage in Colombia was 1,400 Kwh.[50]

Coal in Colombia

Coal Power Plants in Colombia

As of 2026, Colombia had 5 operating coal-fired power plants with a combined capacity of 1.6 GW spread across 14 units.[51] Some of these units still have no announced retirement date, and at least two remain on track to operate well into the 2030s, despite Colombia's membership in the Powering Past Coal Alliance (announced in 2023)[52], which commits it (as an OECD member) to phasing out all coal plants by 2030.

The results of Colombia's May 2026 electricity auction extended operating timeframes for four Colombian coal plants until November 2030, representing backsliding from earlier retirement scenarios.[53] System operator XM's list of firm energy obligations (OEF) for 2029–2030 called for 12 of Colombia's currently operating coal-fired units (Termoguajira 1-2, Termotasajero 1-2, Termopaipa 1-4 and Termozipa 2-5) to continue generating through November 2030, thus delaying the country's coal phaseout ambitions.[53]

Prior to the May 2026 auction, Termoguajira Units 1 and 2 (275 MW) appeared most likely to retire before 2030. The Colombian government (which owns 99.9% of Termoguajira)[54] had prioritized the plant's conversion to alternate fuels, publicly stating that Termoguajira would be the first Colombian coal plant to transition to 100% carbon-free generation.[55] Colombia's 2025–2039 Generation Expansion Plan called for the retirement of Termoguajira's coal-fired units by December 2028.[56]

Enel, the owner of Termozipa Units 1–4 (226 MW), has repeatedly asserted its intent to phase out coal by 2027.[57][58] However, this deadline has repeatedly slipped[59]. most recently as a result of the May 2026 auction.

Termopaipa Units 1–3 (178 MW), owned by Gensa, are among the oldest in Colombia and are generating relatively little electricity; all three units therefore appeared to be candidates for pre-2030 retirement. However, the May 2026 auction results extended their operating time frame until at least November 2030, and the company's president cited a 2035 closure date as recently as December 2023.[60]

Three additional coal-fired units, Termotasajero Units 1 and 2 and Termopaipa Unit 4, continue to contribute significantly to Colombia's electricity mix[56] Owners of these units have not committed to a retirement date, and the May 2026 auction ensured that they will continue operating through at least November 2030.


The Gecelca 3 and 3.2 units are almost certain to operate beyond 2030, given their firm energy obligations through 2032 and 2035, respectively.[61]

Domestic Production

Colombia is the world's ninth leading producer of thermal coal.[62] The country has the second largest reserves of coal in South America (after Brazil), and is the region's top producer, with production concentrated in the departments of Cesar and La Guajira.[63][64][65] Colombia produces more than 80% of the coal in Latin America[66] and is home to the region's three largest coal mines: Cerrejón, El Descanso and Pribbenow.[67] The federal government owns all hydrocarbon reserves while private companies are responsible for coal production.[68]

After the maximum historical production - 91 million tons in 2016[69], the price and production of coal in Colombia fell in 2020 due to the reduction in global demand caused by the COVID pandemic, as well as the Cerrejón mine strike, but by November 2021 Colombian coal production had recovered significantly.[70]

After the fall in prices, Prodeco, a subsidiary of the multinational Glencore, responsible for producing approximately 21% of the nation's coal according to the Colombian Mining Association, renounced three mining titles in the department of Cesar: two in the Calenturitas project and one in La Jagua.[71] Glencore, which had planned to close its mines and reduce coal extraction in Colombia in 2020, acquired 100% of the shares of Cerrejón - becoming its sole owner - in 2021.[72]

Consumption

As of 2018, approximately 10% of Colombia's energy supply came from coal.[68] Colombia's five operating coal plants - the Gecelca, Termoguajira, Termopaipa, Termotasajero and Termozipa power stations - have a combined generating capacity of 1.6 GW (gigawatts).[67] Coal has historically been the only fossil fuel in the country not subject to a carbon tax.[73]

Exports

Colombia is a notable coal exporter, shipping much of its coal abroad.[74] Coal comprises 13.7 % of exports and 83.8 % of mining royalties.[75] According to the Colombian Mining Information System (SIMCO), in 2020 Colombia exported 71,190 million tons of coal.[73] The country is the leading exporter of thermal coal in Latin America and ranks among the top five in the world[62][75], only surpassed by Australia, Indonesia, Russia and the United States. Key markets for Colombian coal include the Netherlands, Israel, Turkey, the United States, Chile, Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and Brazil.[62][76] In 2021, the country maintained 5.24% of the global coal market.[77]

Drummond Ltd. is the leading coal export company in Colombia.[78] Between 1995 and 2020, it exported 500 million tons of coal from Colombia.[40] During 2021, the company's mining operations shipped 31,545,000 tons, 6% more than in 2020.[78]

Thermal coal is Colombia's second-largest export (after oil), but the country is seen as vulnerable to declining international demand, especially in key markets such as Turkey and Western Europe.[63] The MME has focused on increasing coal exports to Asian countries in the coming years, with China and India being the main anticipated markets, as Europe invests more in renewable energy.[79] However, a veto of Russian coal as part of a package of sanctions against Moscow in 2022 allowed Colombia to expand its coal exports to the European Union - specifically with Germany.[80]

Oil & Natural Gas in Colombia

Domestic Production

Colombia is the 19th largest oil producer in the world.[44] The departments of Meta and Casanare concentrate nearly 70 % of the oil reserves, while Ecopetrol maintains 66 % of the total proven oil reserves in the country.[81] Barrancabermeja refinery and the Reficar Cartagena refinery account for almost all domestic fuel processing.[64]

Following a nearly 50% drop in oil and gas sector investments in 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19 and disagreements with OPEC, Colombia's MME has sought to return production to prior levels.[82] In 2021, this reduction in investments resulted in a 5.7% year-over-year drop in oil production, to an average of 736,500 barrels of crude oil per day.[83]

Source: EnerData[50]

Consumption

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics

As of 2018, just under 40% of Colombia's energy supply came from oil, with an additional 25% from natural gas.[68] In 2021, Colombia consumed 349,090 bpd of oil, up from 277,055 bpd in 2020.[84]

Exports & imports

For the past two decades, Colombian government policy has promoted domestic hydrocarbons exploration and production, allowing Colombia to be an important oil exporter.[85] As of April 2022, oil represented 40 % of Colombia's total exports and between 12% - 15% of current income to the country.[86]

On the natural gas side, declining reserves and production, coupled with growing domestic demand, have forced Colombia to look for alternative sources of gas outside its borders.[87] Despite an increase in the useful life of Colombia's natural gas reserves in 2021, from 7.7 years to 8 years[81], Colombia expects to see shortfalls in domestic supply within the next decade.[85][88] LNG imports from the United States through the Cartagena FSRU Terminal have increased in recent years[88], and Colombia continues to entertain proposals for new LNG import terminals on the Pacific coast, including the Buenaventura FSRU and the Aguadulce FSRU. In late 2022 and early 2023, Gustavo Petro's incoming government began discussing the possibility of pipeline imports from Venezuela via the Trans-Caribbean Gas Pipeline, which had lain idle for nearly a decade.[85]

Proposed new sources & projects

In recent years, proposals to increase oil and natural gas production through fracking have been a source of controversy in Colombia. In 2013 and 2014, the government issued Decree 3004 and Resolution 90341, which established procedures and criteria for the development of non-conventional hydrocarbons in Colombia.[89][90][91][92] In subsequent years, civil society groups concerned about the environmental and societal impacts of fracking pursued various legal channels to prohibit the procedure.[93][94][95][96][97] In July 2022, Colombia’s highest administrative court, the Council of State, issued a decision allowing fracking to proceed[93], thereby opening the door to development of the Kalé and Platero pilot projects in Puerto Wilches, which were scheduled to begin drilling in late 2022 or early 2023.[98][99] The incoming government of Gustavo Petro responded by confirming its intention to ban fracking in Colombia[98][100], and in November 2022 state oil company Ecopetrol announced that it would abide by any new government policy, noting that it had begun negotiations to withdraw from contracts for the two pilot projects in Puerto Wilches.[101][102] In December 2022, Colombia's Senate passed a motion limiting the use of a single fracking method, while falling far short of endorsing the total fracking ban sought by President Petro and his environmental minister Susana Muhamad.[103]

Modernization projects for refineries and pipelines were a top priority for Colombia between 2010-2020.[64]

Between 2018 and 2022, 69 new hydrocarbon exploration and production contracts were signed in Colombia.[81] In October 2021, the Colombian government announced that six natural gas pipeline projects were being prioritized in order to protect fossil fuel supply.[104]

LNG import terminals in Colombia

As of June 2026, Colombia was at risk of significantly overbuilding LNG import infrastructure relative to its future gas needs. At least nine major LNG import terminals or expansions were planned for operation between 2026 and 2030, implying a national import capacity of roughly 2,500 MMcf/d by 2030 if all projects were to proceed, more than twice the government’s projected gas demand of about 1,000 MMcf/d and far above the anticipated 500 MMcf/d gas supply deficit. Only two of the proposed projects were under construction as of June 2026, and none of the others had reached final investment decision, leaving an opportunity to avoid excess capacity.[105]

As of mid-2026, Colombia’s sole operating terminal, SPEC LNG in Cartagena, was supplying about 425 MMcf/d and was expected to expand by 58 MMcf/d by 2027. Combined with either the proposed Puerto Bahía terminal or Coveñas FSRU, this could nearly satisfy projected national demand by 2030. Meanwhile, industrial gas consumption reportedly fell 28% during the first four months of 2026, with users shifting toward LPG, coal, bagasse, and fuel oil amid domestic shortages and high LNG prices. Excessive LNG infrastructure could create stranded assets, increase exposure to volatile international gas markets, and divert investment from renewables, electrification, energy efficiency, and storage. Colombia could better address near-term energy-security concerns through temporary, flexible LNG capacity while following its fossil-fuel transition roadmap, which envisions a 90% reduction in fossil-fuel dependence and emissions by 2050.[105]

Transport

Colombia has two significant natural gas pipeline systems.[106] The most extensive, serving much of the country's interior, is the TGI pipeline network , operated by Transportadora de Gas Internacional (TGI), a subsidiary of Grupo Energia de Bogotá.[64] The smaller Promigas pipeline network serves the Caribbean coast.[106]

Cenit, a subsidiary of Ecopetrol, controls 80% of crude oil pipeline infrastructure in Colombia (6,300 miles), and almost all refined product pipelines.[64] Key oil pipelines include the Ocensa, Llanos, Colombia, Caño Limón-Coveñas and Bicentenario pipelines.

Pipelines were targeted by guerrilla groups in Colombia during 2021, which has negatively affected both production and the environment; between January-September 2021 there were 28 recorded attacks on oil infrastructure (including pipelines).[107]

Renewable Energy in Colombia

Colombia has long relied on hydropower as its predominant source of electricity. Adoption of wind and solar have been much slower, although solar has seen a recent surge in growth.

In 2024, 33 new solar farms began operating in Colombia — a big jump from previous years, albeit only half the capacity originally projected for the year.[108] In early 2025, the director of Colombia's energy planning unit (UPME) announced that solar energy already accounted for more than 10% of Colombia's installed capacity, and that more than 10% of Colombia's electricity was being generated by solar power during the midday hours, rising to more than 13% on weekends.[109]

Renewable energy projects in Colombia are frequently delayed due to bureaucracy and delays in transmission lines; projects that get registered often never make it past Phase 2 of UPME's process, with wind projects struggling more than solar projects. Among other reasons, many planned wind projects have fallen through due to conflicts with local Wayuu communities[110][111], difficulties in permitting[112], and delays in the construction of transmission lines, especially in La Guajira. In light of these challenges, many companies have decided to cancel or sell their wind developments in Colombia.[113][114] As of early 2025, Colombia's Minister of Mines and Energy reported that only two of the 17 wind projects planned for La Guajira were already delivering energy to the grid: Guajira I (20 MW) and Wesp 01 (12 MW)[115]; eight of the remaining wind projects in La Guajira appeared to have fallen through, and the remainder were reportedly delayed by at least 2 years.[116] According to one report, only 7 wind projects in La Guajira remained in development as of early 2025.[110] Delays in construction of a major transmission line in La Guajira have also considerably affected associated wind projects[117], prompting a lawsuit claiming that the country's energy supply has been endangered by the government in the short, mid-, and long-term.[118] Another project has been in the spotlight for its environmental impact, since it is planned to be built in the Magdalena river, where it could interfere with an area listed among Ramsar sites and as an important passageway for migratory birds.[119][120]

IRENA reported Colombia's total renewable energy as 13,552 MW in their August 2021 renewable energy statistics report, 93% of which came from from 33 hydropower plants.[121][122] Due to Colombia's heavy reliance on hydroelectricity, the country is highly vulnerable to weather scenarios such as the El Niño phenomenon, necessitating the use of thermal energy as a backup. Accordingly, greenhouse gas emissions are particularly high during El Niño events.[123]

An early assessment of Colombia's potential for non-conventional renewables identified La Guajira as the prime area for wind power development due to its class seven winds, while Orinoco and San Andrés were seen as especially attractive for solar development.[124] Biomass cogeneration was also seen as a promising option based on Colombia's supplies of agricultural and forestry waste.[124]

Industrial Energy Use in Colombia (Iron & Steel)

The iron and steel sector is overseen by the Comité Colombiano de Productores de Acero, a member of the ANDI (La Asociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia). Ferronickel exportation from Colombia began in 1985, following the mining of the ore deposit Cerro Matoso.[125] In 2018 the gross production value of the iron and steel industry was 7.76 trillion Colombian pesos.[126] During 2020 exports of Colombian iron and steel fell by 17.1%.[127] Colombian steel producers focus on long steels (80% of which is rebar) and expect to see growth due to infrastructure projects.[128] The five main steel producers in Colombia are: Acerías Paz del Río, Gerdau Diaco, Sidenal, Sidoc, and Ternium Colombia.

Environmental & Social Impacts of Energy in Colombia

Ecosystems and biodiversity at risk

Colombia's ecosystems and biodiversity are directly threatened by extractive energy activities.[129] The reinjection of production water from the oil and gas industry has led to seismic activity in Colombia.[130] The country's wetlands are at particularly high risk from energy related pollution.[131]

Environmental pollution and human rights violations

Water pollution by oil & gas operations negatively impacts indigenous communities.[130] In the municipalities of southern Guajira, grave violations of the right to water have been associated with the extraction of coal, including: 1) the contamination of drinking water, 2) the ineffectiveness and lack of regulations regarding to the measurement of pollution indices by control agencies, 3) the disappearance of water sources, 4) irregular processes for the diversion of riverbeds and procedural failures by environmental authorities to protect the rights of the communities affected by river or stream diversion projects.[132]

Communities threatened by the environmental effects of energy are impoverished, lack adequate health services, and struggle to have their voices heard at the national policy level.[129] There have not been any independent studies determining to what degree mining activity can have negative effects on the health of communities subjected to the direct impact of it in Colombia.[133] A clear example of this can be found in the indigenous reservation of Provincial in the department of La Guajira, where the Wayúu community has presented serious respiratory, heart, skin, and stomach conditions, and some types of cancer.[134] Despite a court order - upheld by the Constitutional Court in 2020 - ordering Colombian authorities and the companies that own El Cerrejón to improve air quality and reduce mine damage to residents, not enough has been done to protect community members.[135]

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Illnesses of Wayuu children due to the exploitation of open-pit coal at the El Cerrejón mine

The Colombian Constitutional Court has protected the rights of communities affected by mining on several occasions: the Afro-descendant community of Tabaco,[136] the indigenous reservations located in the 'Black Line' of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,[137] and the Wayúu community.[138] Although the legislative branch has agreed with the communities many times, the extractive companies in many cases have not abided the rulings against them.

Lack of accountability in the Colombian energy sector allows for problematic outcomes.[139] The gaseous nature of coal deposits in Colombia has caused a large number of occupational accidents and deaths.[66] Poor ventilation, poor worker training, and inadequate regulation are all factors in methane-related accidents.[66]

Environmental Activists

Environmental leaders assassinated since the signing of the peace agreement. Source: indepaz

Labor, social, and environmental activists in Colombia have been repressed or "disappeared" by large companies.[130] More than 2,000 indigenous environmental activists were killed or injured since 2016 for speaking out about mineral extraction and the dangers of fracking.[140] In 2020, more than half of all the activist deaths in the world took place in Colombia.[141]

In Colombia there are more than 152 socio-environmental conflicts due to mining, energy, agro-industrial and infrastructure megaprojects.[142] Colombian activists continue to advocate for the environment and to push bills prohibiting the exploration and exploitation of new reservoirs.[143]

References

  1. ↑ Electricity Data Explorer, Ember.
  2. ↑ Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2024, OLADE, February 2025.
  3. ↑ La sequía enfrenta a Colombia al riesgo de apagones y cortes de agua, El País, October 6, 2024.
  4. ↑ ¿Qué se espera de la subasta de expansión de energía en 2025?, Portafolio.
  5. ↑ Colombia's Shrinking Gas Reserves Intensify Push Toward Imports, Bloomberg, May 27, 2025.
  6. ↑ La gran transformación energética de Petro avanza a paso lento, El País, January 13, 2025.
  7. ↑ Renewable Capacity Statistics 2025, IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), March 2025.
  8. ↑ La Guajira: Promesa del Gobierno Petro para las renovables que no ha concretado, Valora Analitik, February 15, 2025.
  9. ↑ El certero golpe con el que los Wayuú sacaron de La Guajira a 3 grandes generadoras de energía, Las 2 Orillas, November 12, 2024.
  10. ↑ Wind energy and the Wayuu in La Guajira, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI).
  11. ↑ ¿Dónde están los parques eólicos?, El Colombiano, September 30, 2024.
  12. ↑ La 'tramitología' tiene con retrasos al 46% de los proyectos renovables que deben entrar a operar en 2024 y 2025, El Colombiano.
  13. ↑ Renewable Energy Statistics 2025, IRENA, July 2025.
  14. ↑ Global Solar Power Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  15. ↑ Global Wind Power Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  16. ↑ Colombia upping regasification ante to tackle looming gas shortage, Offshore Energy.
  17. ↑ Colombia's offshore energy hopes deflate amid poor discoveries, stricter regulations, Reuters, August 8, 2025.
  18. ↑ 'Most significant gas discovery' offshore Colombia puts $4.1 billion on the investment horizon, Offshore Energy.
  19. ↑ Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  20. ↑ Global Integrated Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor.
  21. ↑ Global Coal Plant Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  22. ↑ Boom and Bust Coal 2025, Global Energy Monitor.
  23. ↑ "Yearly Electricity Data". Ember. Retrieved 2026-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2025". OLADE. Retrieved 2026-09-04.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2021". OLADE. November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ "Panorama energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2020". OLADE. November 2020.
  27. ↑ Planos Martí, Maria Alexandra (March 26, 2019). "La matriz energética de Colombia se renueva". Inter-American Development Bank.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "Colombia to Beef Up Coal Along with Renewables by 2030". Renewables Now. September 6, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ "Colombia grants first ever permit for large wind farm". Insights • Philippi Prietocarrioza Ferrero DU & Uría. November 26, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Colombia pledges to reduce its GHG emissions by 51% by 2030". WWF. December 4, 2020.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Colombia Shows Leadership in the Race Against Climate Change". World Resources Institute. February 11, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  58. ↑ ESG Focus for Investors, Enel, December 2025.
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  97. ↑ "Con nueva tutela, buscan frenar el piloto de fracking en Santander". Infobae. March 31, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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