Energy profile: Brazil

From Global Energy Monitor
This page is part of Global Energy Monitor's Latin America Energy Portal.
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Overview

Brazil is Latin America's largest energy producer and consumer, with roughly twice the installed capacity[1] and annual electricity output[2] of regional runner-up Mexico. The country has distinguished itself as a global renewable energy leader, thanks to a long-established hydropower sector and burgeoning wind and solar capacity. Brazil is also a leading hydrocarbons producer, and continues to actively pursue domestic oil and gas exploration[3], while investing heavily in the development of new gas power plants, pipelines and LNG terminals.

While Brazil has made great strides in leveraging its exceptional wind and solar resources to complement hydropower, transmission bottlenecks and lack of storage still hamper[4] the realization of renewables' full potential. The government continues to rely on fossil-fueled plants[5] for power system balancing and for backup during drought years when hydropower is insufficient to meet national demand. Nuclear and coal-fired power plants also play a small supplemental role in Brazil's electricity matrix.

As of 2022, the IEA reported that Brazil had the cleanest energy mix among the G20 countries, with fossil fuels only accounting for 46% of total energy supply.[6] Renewables routinely fuel nearly 90% of Brazil's electricity generation, according to multiple sources. Non-fossil fuel accounted for 88.7% of electrical generation in 2025[7], 88.2% in 2024 (including 24% for wind and solar)[8][9][10], and somewhere between 87.9%[11] and 93.1%[12][13] in 2023.

Even so, the country's fossil fuel lobbies remain strong, posing challenges to Brazil's clean energy transition. Politicians and industry groups continue to promote extensive new gas infrastructure[14], along with subsidies and extended lifespans for Brazil's remaining coal plants.[15]

Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

Greenhouse gas emissions from Brazilian power plants, Source: IEMA, June 2022

In 2025, Brazil generated 11.26% of its electricity from fossil fuels and 88.74% from non-fossil sources. The breakdown was as follows:[7]

  • 51.67% hydro
  • 15.63% wind
  • 12.00% solar
  • 7.33% bioenergy
  • 7.29% gas
  • 2.29% coal
  • 2.11% nuclear
  • 1.68% other fossil fuels

As of 2024, fossil fuels accounted for 12.48% of Brazil's installed electrical capacity, with non-fossil energy sources making up the remaining 87.52%, as detailed below:[16]

  • 46.51% hydro
  • 20.51% solar
  • 12.50% wind
  • 12.48% fossil fuels
  • 7.16% bioenergy
  • 0.84% nuclear

Energy planning targets

Brazil's two key energy planning documents are the PDE (Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia) and the PNE (Plano Nacional de Energia). The PDE analyses mid-term energy projections over a 10-year period, while the PNE contemplates longer-term energy scenarios.

The most recent PDE (PDE 2035) projects that renewables (defined as hydro, wind, solar and bioenergy) will rise from 83% of electricity generation in 2025 to 86% in 2035. These figures reflect a 50% increase in wind generation (from 122.4 TWh to 184.1 TWh), a 64% increase in utility-scale solar (from 35.8 TWh to 58.7 TWh) and a near doubling of distributed solar generation (from 52.2 TWh to 101.7 TWh). Hydropower remains Brazil's largest source of electricity but grows more modestly (from 440.5 TWh to 513.4 TWh), thereby accounting for a declining percentage of overall generation (45.8% in 2035 vs 54.4% in 2025). Gas-fired generation is expected to grow nearly fourfold over the course of the decade, from 19.3 TWh to 74.5 TWh, with its share of total generation increasing from 2.4% to 6.6%.[17]

The most recent PNE (PNE 2055)[18] explores three long-term scenarios — Transição Net Zero 2050, Transição Alongada, and Transição Continuada — each reflecting a different level of ambition in the incorporation of renewable energy sources.[19] The Transição Net Zero 2050 scenario sets a goal of negative emissions, with renewables accounting for 81% of Brazil's total energy supply[19] and 99% of electrical generation by 2055.[20] The Transição Alongada assumes a less ambitious pace of decarbonization, with GDP growth of 3.2% year, stronger industry and more robust governance resulting in renewables achieving a 73% share of total energy supply by 2055.[19] The Transição Continuada envisions a more gradual transition, with moderate growth (2.5% GDP/year) and limited progress on regulation and financing, resulting in renewables only accounting for 62% of total energy supply by 2055.[19]

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

Brazil's Annual GHG Emissions 1990-2020, Source: SEEG
Emissions profile - Brazil, Source: Carbon Brief

As of 2020, Brazil was the world's sixth largest emitter of greenhouse gases.[21] CO2 emissions from deforestation of the Amazon rose nearly 10% in 2019 under the environmental policies of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro[22], and by 2020 more than 25,000 kilometers of Brazilian rainforest had been destroyed during the first two years of Bolsonaro's tenure.[23] During 2020, contrary to the global trend of declining emissions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions rose to their highest levels since 2006, largely due to increasing rates of deforestation in the Amazon and elsewhere.[24][25]

Brazil's first revised NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution), submitted in December 2020, called for reductions in GHG emissions of 37% by 2025 and 43% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels[26]; these targets remained unchanged since the country's original NDC from September 2016.[27] Brazil's ongoing commitment to coal power (reaffirmed by the government in August 2021)[28][29] and increasing dependence on petroleum derivatives in the transport sector posed challenges to meeting these goals.[30]

In November 2024 Brazil submitted its second NDC, covering the 2031-2035 period. The new NDC committed Brazil to reducing net greenhouse-gas emissions by 59–67% below 2005 levels by 2035, corresponding to a 2035 emissions level of approximately 1.05–0.85 GtCO₂e, and reaffirmed the country’s objective of achieving net-zero greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050. In the energy sector, Brazil planned to further expand its already highly renewable electricity system—89.2% renewable electricity in 2023—through additional wind and solar generation, continued expansion of transmission infrastructure to accommodate intermittent renewables, and deployment of stationary batteries and other energy-storage technologies. The new NDC also emphasized electrification and renewable fuels in transport and industry, including greater use of biofuels, low-emission hydrogen and sustainable aviation fuels, while supporting carbon capture and storage and synthetic fuels; it specifically highlighted the need for charging infrastructure to support transport electrification.[31]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy agencies

MME (Ministério de Minas e Energia) is the Brazilian government ministry in charge of implementing national energy policy.

EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética) is Brazil's energy research agency, providing energy policy and planning support to the MME in the oil, natural gas, biofuels and electricity sectors. EPE publishes regular reports including the Plano Nacional de Energia and Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia.[32]

ONS (Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico) is Brazil's national grid operator.

CCEE (Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica) is the country's wholesale market and energy auction operator.

CNPE (Conselho Nacional de Politica Energética) is the presidential advisory council that sets the strategic direction for national energy policy.

Permitting agencies

IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) is Brazil's federal environmental agency, responsible for the environmental licensing of projects under federal jurisdiction, including offshore and interstate projects. Most onshore power plants are licensed by state environmental agencies.

Regulatory agencies

ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis) is the government regulator for Brazil's oil, natural gas, and biofuels sector.

ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica) is Brazil's national electricity regulator, responsible for regulating and overseeing the electricity sector, including generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization. ANEEL organizes national electricity auctions under guidelines established by MME, with support from CCEE and planning and technical input from EPE.

Electric utilities

AXIA Energia (formerly Eletrobras, privatized in 2022 and renamed in 2025) is Brazil's largest electric utility, accounting for about 17% of national generation capacity and 37% of transmission lines in the national grid.[33] AXIA bills itself as the largest 100% renewable energy company in the Southern Hemisphere.[34]

National oil company

Petrobras is a publicly traded, state-controlled Brazilian oil and gas company and one of Latin America's leading energy producers. It is a major player in offshore exploration and production, particularly deepwater and ultra-deepwater operations. Its activities include oil and gas exploration and production, refining, natural gas, and electricity generation.[35]

Leading energy companies

Eneva, EDP Brasil, Enel Brasil, ENGIE Brasil, Âmbar Energia, AXIA Energia, Neoenergia, Copel, Cemig and Auren are among the prominent companies operating in Brazil's energy markets, with activities spanning electricity generation and distribution, natural gas supply and infrastructure, and other energy-related businesses.

Brazil's Electricity Generation by Source: 2019[36]

Coal in Brazil

While coal only fuels a small fraction of Brazil's electricity, and is strongly opposed by many Brazilian civil society groups[37], it remains a topic of active political debate, especially in the southern coal-mining states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Politicians have lobbied to extend the retirement dates of the country's few remaining coal plants[38][39], and coal plants won new government contracts for the first time in more than a decade in Brazil's 2026 reserve capacity energy auction.[40] Brazil's coal power fleet is split between plants burning domestic coal in the South, including the Jorge Lacerda complex in Santa Catarina and the Candiota and Pampa Sul plants in Rio Grande do Sul, and plants burning imported coal in the Northeast (Pecém I and II in Ceará and Itaqui in Maranhão).

Coal-fired power plants in Brazil

A series of developments in 2025 and early 2026 highlight the mixed signals shaping Brazil's coal trajectory, reflecting a tension between the country's reputation as a green energy leader — including its effective achievement of No New Coal[41] — and continued policy support for coal.

In January 2025, President Lula vetoed a clause in a broader energy bill that would have extended support for coal-fired power stations.[42] In February, following strong public pressure and legal challenges, Brazil's federal environmental agency (IBAMA) formally terminated its licensing process for the Nova Seival coal project at the developer's request,[43] citing significant shortcomings in the environmental assessment and the characterization of impacts and proposed mitigation measures.

While hosting COP30 in November 2025, Brazil also celebrated IBAMA's formal withdrawal and official termination of the 600 MW Ouro Negro (Pedras Altas) power station — the last active proposal for a new coal-fired power station in Latin America.[44]

However, subsequent political decisions led to new setbacks, reinforcing the role of existing coal-fired generation capacity in Brazil. Two days after the conclusion of COP30, the Lula administration signed the controversial Law 15.269/2025, which, under pressure from the coal lobby, extended the mandatory purchase of electricity from coal-fired power stations, including Candiota 3, through 2040, without taking environmental and climate issues into account.[45][46] At the same time, it extended subsidies and contracts for the Brazilian coal industry.[47] The federal government also confirmed a 15-year contract extension (until 2040) for the 857 MW Jorge Lacerda complex, at an annual cost of 1.8 billion reais; the contract was previously due to expire in January 2026.[48]

A third coal-fired power station in southern Brazil, Pampa Sul (345 MW), already holds a 25-year operating license, dating from the start of operations in 2019, along with coal supply contracts guaranteed until 2043.[49][50] According to data from the Global Coal Plant Tracker and ARAYARA's Monitor Energia,[51] these three plants have a total capacity of 1.5 GW, which is now expected to remain in operation for at least another decade and a half.

Furthermore, against this backdrop, Bill No. 1371 of 2025 is currently being debated in Brazil's Chamber of Deputies; this bill aims to extend the operating licenses for coal-fired power stations until 2050, thereby highlighting the influence of the fossil fuel lobby within the National Congress.[52]

Continued policy support for coal is also reflected in the renewed participation of coal plants in Brazil's power market. In March 2026, Brazil held its first energy auction open to coal plants since 2021, with three plants in northeastern Brazil — 360 MW Itaqui, 720 MW Pecém I, and 360 MW Pecém II — participating.[53] All three were awarded 10-year contracts, guaranteeing Pecém I's continued operation through 2037 and extending Itaqui and Pecém II's lifespans through 2041.[40][54]

The government's inclusion of coal power in the auction as a source of reserve capacity has sparked controversy and legal challenges from the ARAYARA International Institute,[55][56][57] given the environmental and climate-related issues associated with coal and the low flexibility of coal-fired power stations compared to alternatives such as batteries and demand-side resources.

Plant-level developments further illustrate the lack of clarity around clear transition pathways. Prior to the March 2026 auction, the Pecém I plant, owned by Diamante Energia, faced expiring electricity and coal contracts in 2027. Although a 2024 Memorandum of Understanding under previous ownership proposed conversion to fossil gas,[58][59] subsequent company statements have focused on a 1.3 GW greenfield natural gas expansion, with no confirmed timeline for retiring or converting the coal units. The recent awarding of energy contracts to the Itaqui and Pecém II power stations suggests that Itaqui's owner, Eneva, and Diamante Geração — which recently finalized its purchase of Pecém II from Eneva in a deal worth up to R$1 billion[60][61] — will likely continue to operate these facilities beyond their previously pledged coal phaseout date of 2040.[62]

Coal-fired generation in Brazil continues to be supported by subsidies and contracts built into electricity tariffs, which are ultimately passed on to end consumers. It is estimated that R$8 billion (US$1.5 billion) should have already been paid between 2020 and 2027 in accordance with agreements originally set to expire in 2027 through Brazil's Energy Development Account.[63] With the approval of Law 15.269/2025, coal plants' longer operating lifespans could result in total subsidies exceeding R$100 billion (approximately US$19 billion) by 2040 — funds that could otherwise help finance a just energy transition and more competitive renewable sources.[47]

Other recent government actions imply fewer restraints on coal power in contradiction to Brazil's climate targets. Brazil's December 2025 environmental licensing law weakens certain regulatory requirements and is currently under legal challenge.[64] Court rulings on coal-fired power stations have been inconsistent, as lower court decisions emphasizing compliance with environmental standards have been repeatedly overturned on appeal. In another example of Brazil's lax enforcement environment, the Candiota 3 power station has accumulated more than 125 million reais in unpaid environmental fines, prompting legal challenges to the renewal of its operating license, which expires in April 2026.[65]

At the subnational level, efforts to plan for a transition away from coal have also faced challenges. In Rio Grande do Sul, the state's Just Energy Transition plan has been shaped largely by coal industry stakeholders. A legal challenge by the ARAYARA International Institute temporarily suspended the process before it was reinstated on appeal. A revised plan is expected; however, a broader range of multi-sector perspectives is yet to be incorporated.

Meanwhile, the neighboring state of Santa Catarina's transition plan follows the same path of favoring the coal industry without addressing environmental liabilities, the decommissioning of power stations, or the inclusion of workers in compulsory retirement schemes, vocational retraining, and economic diversification of these regions away from coal.

While Brazil has effectively moved away from new coal development, recent policy and market decisions are extending the role of existing coal capacity. With phaseout timelines remaining unclear and subsidies passed on to consumers, the cost of maintaining coal generation in Brazil continues to grow in a system otherwise dominated by renewable energy.

Recent analyses of the impacts of the coal industry in Brazil underscore the urgency of Brazil's commitment to renewable energy alternatives. During COP30, the ARAYARA International Institute and the Coal Observatory presented a groundbreaking study highlighting the extent of contamination caused by the coal industry in southern Brazil, particularly in the state of Santa Catarina, where almost 10% of the territory is contaminated by coal mining, especially through acid mine drainage.[66] In March 2026, another study published by CREA and ARAYARA, with support from the University of Rio Grande do Sul, indicated that activities at the Candiota coal complex in Rio Grande do Sul could cause up to 1,300 deaths and result in health costs of R$11.7 billion by 2040.[67] The effects could extend to other regions of the country and reach Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Domestic coal production

Brazil has Latin America's largest proved coal reserves, estimated at 6.6 billion tonnes at the end of 2020, ahead of second-place Colombia (4.6 billion tonnes).[68] However, Brazil is only the region's second-largest coal producer, lagging far behind Colombia: in 2025 Brazil produced 8.6 million tonnes, compared with Colombia's 47.9 million tonnes.[69] Nearly all of Brazil's coal reserves lie in the South[70]: Rio Grande do Sul holds 92% and Santa Catarina 8%.[71] Coal mining is concentrated in Rio Grande do Sul, where the Candiota deposit is the country's largest, and in Santa Catarina's southern coalfields.

Oil & Natural Gas in Brazil

Oil and gas power plants

Brazil's older oil-fired power plants[72] are giving way to newer and more active plants[73] fueled by gas. Brazil's PNE 2050 national energy plan, published in 2020[74], called for increased gas use in electricity generation, and in 2021 gas-friendly developers and politicians[75] successfully promoted Law 14.182/2021[76], obliging the government to contract 8 GW[77] of new gas plants, including several in remote areas requiring construction of new pipelines[78]. Around the same time, Brazil saw a new surge of gas-to-power projects fed by new LNG import terminals, built partly in response to the insufficient transport infrastructure that had been impeding commercialization of domestic offshore gas.

As of January 2026, GEM's Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker showed 23.5 GW of operating oil and gas plants in Brazil (second only to Mexico in the LAC region), along with 44.8 GW of new gas plant capacity in development (#1 in LAC, including the largest 10 in-development gas plants in the region).[79]

In March 2026, 311 new gas plants with a combined capacity of 112.9 GW were submitted for consideration in Brazil's reserve capacity energy auction[80] (a substantial increase over the 228 gas projects totaling 61.6 GW that had been proposed for the previous year's auction, which was cancelled[81]). Mines and Energy Minister Alexandre Silveira billed it as the largest thermal power auction in Brazil's history[82], with the government ultimately awarding 10- to 15-year contracts for 15.2 GW of capacity from 90 gas-fired plants[83][84][85], including the massive Jandaia, Presidente Kennedy and Porto de Sergipe projects.

Pipelines and LNG terminals

Brazil's largest gas pipelines include the 3150 km Gasbol gas pipeline, the extensive NTS Gas Pipeline Network serving major cities in the Southeast, and the TAG pipeline system running up the Atlantic coast from Rio de Janeiro state to Ceará state (the centerpiece of the latter network is TAG's 1387 km Gasene Gas Pipeline).

Brazil has three long-established LNG import terminals in Guanabara Bay, Bahia, and Pecém, plus a series of newer terminals that have been developed in recent years.

Brazil relies on imports for approximately 40%[86] of its gas supply. Historically, most gas was imported from Bolivia via the Gasbol and Cuiabá pipelines. More recently, Bolivian production declines have prompted Brazil to begin importing fracked gas from Argentina's Vaca Muerta and to increase LNG imports via the world's fourth-largest buildout of new regasification terminals, more than doubling the country's LNG import capacity from 17.5 mtpa to over 40 mtpa in the span of five years.[87]

As of 2019, natural gas piped in from Bolivia represented 69% of total gas imports, while LNG imports - mostly from the United States, Trinidad and Tobago and Nigeria - constituted the remaining 31%.[88] Pipeline imports decreased following the expiration of Brazil's 20-year contract to purchase gas from Bolivia at the end of 2019, while demand for imported gas fluctuated depending on water supply to Brazil's hydroelectric dams and changing development plans for domestic gas fields in the pre-salt layer.[89][90][91] Several new gas-to-power projects and LNG terminals were proposed on Brazil's Atlantic coast in 2019 and 2020.[92] LNG imports rose steeply in 2021, prompted by rising demand and drought conditions that reduced hydroelectricity supply[93], and LNG saw continued growth following the passage of the country's 2021 gas law, which liberalized Brazil's gas regulations and opened the market to competition.[94][95]

Two new LNG import terminals (Sergipe and Porto do Açu) began operating in Brazil in 2020 and 2021, with three more (Barcarena, Cosan and TGS) coming online in 2024. Several large new gas plants have been developed in conjunction with these terminals, including Sergipe (1.6 GW), GNA I (1.3 GW), GNA II (1.7 GW), and Barcarena (2.2 GW). Between 2023 and 2025, roughly 70% to 80% of Brazil's LNG imports came from the United States.[96][97][98]

Following the 2023 commissioning of Argentina's Perito Moreno gas pipeline, which relieved bottlenecks in commercializing Vaca Muerta gas, Brazil and Argentina began discussing exports of Argentine gas into Brazil. Options included sending gas through Bolivia via existing pipelines, constructing new routes through Uruguay and Paraguay, and reviving a long-dormant plan for the 594-kilometer Uruguaiana-Porto Alegre pipeline, which would transport gas from the Argentine border into Brazil's existing pipeline network at Porto Alegre. The Argentina-Bolivia-Brazil route began operating in early 2025[99], while the other options remained under consideration.

Among the dozen-plus pipelines[78] proposed to bring domestic offshore gas to Atlantic coast processing units, three (Route 1, Route 2, and Route 3) have been commissioned, with the latter coming online in late 2024.[100]

Oil and gas production

Brazil ranks among the world's top ten oil producers[101] and exporters[102], with offshore fields accounting for more than 95% of output[103] and the southeastern "pre-salt" formations representing about 80%.[104] In 2025 Brazil set a production record of 3.77 million barrels of oil per day, 12.3% above 2024, driven by new pre-salt platforms.[105][104] Three pre-salt fields, Tupi, Búzios and Mero, accounted for 56% of oil production.[105] Natural gas output also reached a record 179 million cubic meters per day.[104]

As of mid-2025, Petrobras continued to push for a >20% expansion[106] of oil and gas production by 2030, a figure entirely incompatible with the country's international climate commitments. Petrobras's 2026–2030 Business Plan foresaw continued production growth in the near term, with oil output peaking at 2.7 million barrels per day in 2028 and total oil and gas production peaking at 3.4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2028–2029, before leveling off.[107] Without development of new fields, production is expected to drop off starting in 2029[108] or 2030.[109] The government and industry expect pre-salt reserves to begin declining in the first half of the 2030s, and argue that new exploration frontiers are needed.[105]

In December 2023, Brazil's petroleum regulator ANP offered 602 exploration blocks in a single auction round, awarding 192 of them[110], including areas in environmentally sensitive parts of the Amazon basin.[111] In 2025, Ibama granted a license for Petrobras to drill in the Equatorial Margin[112], a northern offshore frontier stretching from Amapá to Rio Grande do Norte[113] Petrobras aimed to replenish Brazil's reserves through discoveries in this area[114] and had persisted in pursuing the license despite repeated rejections and ongoing controversy and conflicts with environmentalists who opposed expansion of oil and gas development.[115] In August 2026, Petrobras announced that its Morpho well in the Foz do Amazonas basin, about 175 km off the coast of Amapá, had found oil[114][113], followed by a second discovery in deeper intervals of the same well in October 2026.[116] EPE estimated the basin's recoverable potential at up to 10 billion barrels of oil equivalent, though the size and commercial viability of the discoveries were not yet established.[116]

Oil and gas reserves

Among South American nations, Brazil ranks second only to Venezuela in proved oil reserves.[88] Brazil's proved oil reserves reached 17.5 billion barrels at the end of 2025, up 3.84% from 2024[117], enough for about 12.7 years at current production rates, with the pre-salt holding 82% of the total.[118] Proved natural gas reserves rose 4.89% to 572.8 billion cubic meters[117], 69.3% of them in the pre-salt.[118]

Renewable energy in Brazil

In 2005, Brazil became one of the first countries in Latin America to hold national energy auctions focused on the commissioning of renewable energy projects.[119] After decades of relying on hydropower as its main source of electricity, Brazil has also emerged as a global wind and solar leader in the 2020s, with installed photovoltaic capacity alone (5.6 GW) already surpassing the combined capacity of coal and nuclear power by 2020.[120] Future prospects for wind and solar are especially impressive.

Brazil's greatest wind and solar potential is found in the country's Northeast region, whereas the largest population centers and industrial users are located in the Southeast. The rapid pace of renewables growth has created transmission bottlenecks[121] between the two regions, prompting the system operator to impose caps on wind and solar uptake into Brazil's national grid and potentially disincentivizing investment[122]. In December 2023, Brazil held its largest ever electrical transmission auction[123], and in April 2024, the government awarded contracts for 4,471 km of new transmission lines and substations[124] to facilitate nationwide renewable electricity distribution. Grid availability and reliability issues have continued to pose roadblocks, driving curtailment rates to 21% for solar and 14% for wind in the first half of 2025.[125]

International financing has significantly spurred wind and solar development. In 2022, Brazil attracted more new investment in renewables (US$25 billion) than any country except the U.S. and China.[126]

Hydropower

Brazil is the world's second largest hydroelectricity producer, after China.[88] Hydropower dominates the country's renewables sector, led by the 14 GW Itaipu hydroelectric plant on the Paraná River between Brazil and Paraguay, which supplies nearly 11% of Brazil's electricity.[127] Overall, Brazil generates more than 60%[128] of its electricity from hydropower and is home to three of the world's eight largest[129] operating hydroelectric plants: Itaipu, Belo Monte, and Tucuruí. Severe droughts[130] in recent years have tested the country's reliance on hydropower, resulting in the contracting of several new gas plants via an emergency energy auction[131] in 2021 and prompting calls for better integration of wind and solar[4] into the grid to mitigate future supply disruptions.

Solar

As of February 2026, Brazil ranked fifth globally in operating solar capacity with 63.2 GW, trailing only China, the United States, India, and Germany.[132] The country also ranked fourth globally in prospective utility-scale solar capacity (behind China, India and the United States) with 123 GW of projects at the announced, pre-construction or construction stage.[133]

The pace of solar energy adoption in Brazil has been dramatic. By the end of 2024, Brazil had 53 GW of installed solar capacity[134], comprising 35.5 GW of distributed solar and 17.5 GW of utility-scale solar farms, placing Brazil in the global top 10 in both categories. By October 2026, Brazil's total installed solar capacity had soared to 77.25 GW, comprising 53.65 GW of distributed solar and 23.6 GW of utility-scale solar.[135]

Brazil has emerged as a global leader in distributed solar, due in large part to generous government incentives.[136][137] As of December 2023, Brazil had 26.3 GW of distributed solar capacity[138]. An additional 4.5 GW were installed between January and July 2024, with a cumulative total of 8.4 GW[139] anticipated for the year as a whole. By mid-2024, Brazil had already blown past annual growth projections for rooftop and utility-scale solar combined, reaching a total installed solar capacity of 45.7 GW[138] in July, compared to the previously predicted end-of-2024 total of 45.5 GW[140] By October 2026, distributed solar installations had reached 53.65 GW, surpassing the combined capacity of all of Brazil's thermoelectric power plants (49.89 GW).[135]

Wind

Wind energy is steadily growing in importance and has become Brazil's second leading source of renewable energy.[7] Many of the largest operating wind farms are concentrated in the northeastern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceará and Piauí.[141][142][143][144] As of 2020, the Northeast was home to 82% of Brazil's wind farms[141], representing 96% of the nation's installed wind capacity and 85% of national wind generation.[145] By 2021, Brazil ranked 7th globally in wind power generation, with roughly 19 GW of installed capacity.[146] Wind was the most rapidly growing segment of Brazil's electricity market, accounting for 83% of new generating capacity added during the first six months of the year.[147]

As of February 2026, Brazil's 35.7 GW of operating wind farm capacity ranked fifth globally, behind China, the United States, Germany and India.[148] The country also ranked second globally in prospective wind power capacity (behind only China) with 278 GW of projects at the announced, pre-construction or construction stage — although 92% of this potential (255 GW) was in the early stages of development, mostly consisting of still speculative offshore wind projects.[148]

Offshore wind

As of February 2026, Brazil outpaced all other countries in announced offshore wind projects, with 28 of the world's largest 100 proposals[149] and more than triple the proposed offshore wind capacity of second-place Sweden.[150] Interest in offshore wind has risen dramatically in recent years. As of June 2021, companies were already seeking licenses for 42 GW of new offshore wind projects.[151] By April 2024, 234 GW of offshore wind projects had entered the licensing process with the Brazilian environmental authority Ibama, most of them concentrated in the Northeast, Southeast, and South.[152]

Despite industry[153] and government support[154] for offshore wind, Brazil's incomplete regulatory framework[155] for offshore projects served as an impediment to their development. The framework[156] originally approved in 2022 bounced back and forth between Brazil's Senate and Chamber of Deputies, due to controversial extraneous provisions[157] promoting coal plants[158] and other unrelated energy infrastructure. The delay in approving clear guidelines prompted concerns[159] that wind developers might take their business elsewhere, with experts signaling that it would take at least a year after the bill's passage to establish government auctions[160] for offshore wind.

The passage of Brazil's offshore wind bill in December 2024[161] finally created a regulatory framework allowing these projects to move forward. However, the number of offshore wind projects that ultimately succeed may be significantly reduced, due to environmental concerns, limitations in transmission and port infrastructure, and conflicts with existing uses of the ocean[162][163][164][165], as well as draft guidelines announced in 2026 that require all offshore wind projects to be sited at least 12 nautical miles offshore.[166] By February 2026 Ibama had shelved nearly half of the offshore wind projects on its April 2024 list due to inactivity[167], and the capacity of projects in the licensing phase had dropped to 134 GW.[168] Meanwhile, a 2024 World Bank report, prepared in collaboration with Brazil's Ministry of Mines and Energy, estimated that only about 96 GW would come online by 2050, even under the most ambitious scenario.[169]

Other non-fossil power sources

Bioenergy

As of September 2026, Brazil ranked #2 globally in operating (17.6 GW) and prospective (1.3 GW) bioenergy capacity. trailing only China.[170] Bioenergy, primarily sourced from sugar cane residue and wood pulp[171], typically accounts for 7% to 9%[7][172] of Brazil's electricity generation. In 2024, bioenergy was expected to represent 12%[173] of new additions to Brazil's electrical capacity, the third-largest share[174] after solar and wind.

Nuclear

Nuclear energy provides a small but steady share of electricity generation in Brazil, historically falling within the 2% to 3% range.[7] Angra power station is Latin America's largest nuclear power plant, with 1990 MW currently operating and another 1405 MW under construction. The government views nuclear power as a viable component of Brazil's national energy transition[3] plans, and has proposed small-scale nuclear as a replacement for fossil fuel-based plants in isolated Amazon basin[175] communities.

Industrial decarbonization in Brazil

Brazil is Latin America's leading iron and steel producer, with 46,200 ttpa of steelmaking capacity and 37,422 ttpa of ironmaking capacity. Nearly three-quarters of Brazil's steel is produced using the older, more energy-intensive blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace technology.[176] However, studies indicate that Brazil could generate up to 1.8 gigatonnes of low-carbon hydrogen annually[177], potentially at a lower cost than in any other nation[178], holding out the possibility that Brazil's abundant renewable energy resources might contribute to the decarbonization of domestic iron and steel production and support a green industrial transition.[179]

Environmental & social impacts of energy in Brazil

Brazil's Amazon basin is especially vulnerable to the impacts of extractive industries and large-scale energy infrastructure, due to the region's unparalleled biodiversity and the deep interconnections between indigenous communities and the natural environment. Among Brazil's most environmentally destructive developments is the 11.2 GW Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, the fourth largest hydro project on earth. Construction of the Belo Monte dam displaced over 20,000 people and caused irreversible damage to endemic species, flooding more than 260 square miles along the Xingu River in 2015. Brazil's plans for additional hydro mega-projects in the Amazon were scaled back in 2018, but other threats, most notably deforestation, have subsequently intensified.[22][180][181]

References

  1. ↑ Global Integrated Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor.
  2. ↑ Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2023, OLADE, December 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 A "transição energética" de Alexandre Silveira inclui mais combustíveis fósseis e energia nuclear, ClimaInfo, August 19, 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Notas técnicas sobre integração de energia renovável, Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente (IEMA), August 2024.
  5. ↑ Brazil's carbon emissions surge despite green energy growth; lack of regulation hinders road to net zero, Aurora Energy Research.
  6. ↑ Brazil's opportunity to lead the global dialogue on energy and climate, International Energy Agency (IEA).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Yearly Electricity Data". Ember. Retrieved 2026-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  9. ↑ Brasil avança na renovabilidade das matrizes em 2024, aponta Balanço Energético Nacional, Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME).
  10. ↑ "BEN 2025 | Summary Report | Reference year 2024" (PDF). Ministerio de Minas e Energia. 2025-05-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  14. ↑ Relatório Coalizão Energia Limpa, IEMA, June 2024.
  15. ↑ Boom and Bust Coal 2025, Global Energy Monitor.
  16. ↑ "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2025". OLADE. Retrieved 2026-09-04.
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  38. ↑ Brazil extends controversial coal power subsidy, Argus Media.
  39. ↑ Indústria do carvão mineral ainda aposta na extensão dos contratos de Candiota e Figueira no Congresso Nacional, epbr.
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  42. ↑ Brazilian President Enacts Offshore Wind Law, Vetoes Fossil Energy-Related Additions, Offshore Wind, January 13, 2025.
  43. ↑ Ibama encerra processo de licenciamento ambiental de usina termelétrica, IBAMA, February 2025.
  44. ↑ Ibama arquiva último projeto de usina a carvão mineral no país, Agência Brasil, November 10, 2025.
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  54. ↑ Edital de Leilão nº 2/2026, ANEEL, 2026.
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  57. ↑ LRCAP 2026: nota de desagravo é emitida contra a portaria do MME que prevê leilão de usinas a carvão, Instituto Internacional Arayara, October 28, 2025.
  58. ↑ CE quer ser 1º do país na conversão de termelétrica do carvão para gás natural, Movimento Econômico, August 1, 2024.
  59. ↑ Diário Oficial do Estado do Ceará, SEPLAG, August 21, 2024.
  60. ↑ Diamante Energia completes acquisition of Energia Pecém, Diamante Energia, July 22, 2025.
  61. ↑ Eneva faz negócio de R$ 1 bilhão com a Diamante, trocando carvão por gás, Brazil Journal, March 27, 2026.
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  63. ↑ Boom and Bust Coal 2025, Global Energy Monitor, 2025.
  64. ↑ Instituto Internacional ARAYARA integra litigância climática no STF contra retrocesso histórico da Lei de Licenciamento Ambiental, Instituto Internacional Arayara, January 16, 2026.
  65. ↑ Nota Técnica nº 8/2025/Coert/CGTef/Dilic, IBAMA, June 16, 2025.
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  73. ↑ Inventário das usinas termelétricas, IEMA/epbr, October 2023.
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  75. ↑ Relatório Coalizão Energia Limpa, IEMA, June 2024.
  76. ↑ Lei nº 14.182, de 12 de julho de 2021, Presidência da República (Planalto).
  77. ↑ Boletim Leilão de Energia – Quarta edição, IEMA.
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  90. ↑ "El gas boliviano, entre la falta de extracción y la falta de mercados". Sputnik Mundo. January 16, 2021.
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  100. ↑ Após 10 anos, Petrobras inaugura 3º gasoduto do pré-sal nesta 6ª, Poder360.
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  102. ↑ Brasil é grande produtor, mas pode voltar a importar petróleo, Gazeta do Povo.
  103. ↑ Brazil - Oil and Gas, International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 "ANP divulga dados consolidados do setor regulado em 2025". ANP. 2026-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  107. ↑ "Petrobras aprova Plano de Negócios 2026-2030". Agência Petrobras. 2025-11-28. Retrieved 2026-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  108. ↑ Petrobras eyes global expansion as Brazil hopes fade, sources say, Reuters, June 1, 2023.
  109. ↑ Pico do pré-sal e incerteza sobre novas fronteiras empurra agenda de produtores independentes, epbr.
  110. ↑ "Leilão da ANP arrecada R$ 421,7 milhões; Petrobras (PETR4), Shell e Chevron se destacam". Infomoney. 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2026-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  111. ↑ Os efeitos do avanço da exploração de combustíveis fósseis sobre a Amazônia, ClimaInfo, August 19, 2024.
  112. ↑ "Licença do Ibama na foz do Amazonas gera impasse". BNC Amazonas. 2025-10-20. Retrieved 2026-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 "Petrobras acha petróleo no poço Morpho, na Foz do Amazonas". Arena do Dinheiro. 2026-08-17. Retrieved 2026-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  119. ↑ "¿Pueden las renovables llevar a una recuperación verde de América Latina?". Dialogo Chino. October 2, 2020.
  120. ↑ "Fonte solar ultrapassa carvão e nuclear no Brasil". CanalEnergia. June 4, 2020.
  121. ↑ Brazil's grid caps power from wind, solar, threatening renewable projects, Reuters, August 22, 2024.
  122. ↑ Cortes de energia renovável causam prejuízo e desestimulam investimento, ClimaInfo, August 22, 2024.
  123. ↑ What State Grid's new power line means for Brazil's energy transition, Dialogue Earth.
  124. ↑ Brazilian government signs energy transmission contracts, expecting BRL 21.7 billion in investments, Governo do Brasil, April 2024.
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  127. ↑ "Geração". Itaipu Binacional. Retrieved 2021-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  129. ↑ Global Hydropower Tracker, Global Energy Monitor.
  130. ↑ In Brazil's agricultural heartland, rivers run dry as monoculture advances, Mongabay, December 2022.
  131. ↑ Emergency energy auction amid water crisis, The Brazilian Report, October 25, 2021.
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  134. ↑ Solar energy reaches 53 GW of installed capacity in Brazil, Canal Solar.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 "Geração distribuída solar chega a 54 GW e já supera a potência de todas as termelétricas do Brasil (49,9 GW), mostram dados da ANEEL". Portal WEG Norte. 2026-10-07. Retrieved 2026-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  137. ↑ Renewable energy sources and tax benefits in Brazil, Gescon Consultoria, September 2022.
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 Infográfico, ABSOLAR (Associação Brasileira de Energia Solar Fotovoltaica).
  139. ↑ Brasil adicionou 8.240 MW de capacidade solar até julho, pv magazine Brasil, August 20, 2024.
  140. ↑ Brazil set to install 9.3 GW of solar in 2024, says Absolar, pv magazine, December 6, 2023.
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  143. ↑ "Produção de energia eólica aumenta no Brasil com falta de chuvas no Nordeste". R7. May 23, 2021.
  144. ↑ "Capacidade instalada em 2021 supera 1 gigawatt; eólicas são o destaque pelo quarto mês seguido". ANEEL. May 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  145. ↑ "Nordeste gera 85% da energia eólica do Brasil". FIERN. August 4, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  146. ↑ Terra, Nana (August 2, 2021). "Wind energy in Brazil breaks records and creates jobs". Airswift.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  147. ↑ "Usinas eólicas respondem por 83% do acréscimo de potência no primeiro semestre de 2021". Governo do Brasil. July 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  150. ↑ "Global Wind Power Tracker Offshore Wind Summary Data - Feb 2026". Global Energy Monitor. 2026-02-28. Retrieved 2026-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  151. ↑ "Raio-X das eólicas offshore em licenciamento no Brasil". EPBR. June 17, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  152. ↑ Usinas Eólicas Offshore, IBAMA, May 2024.
  153. ↑ Seis pontos importantes para a urgência da aprovação do Projeto de Lei 576/2021: Eólicas Offshore no Brasil, ABEEólica.
  154. ↑ Brazil aims to pass offshore wind, green hydrogen laws by year-end, energy minister says, Reuters, June 27, 2023.
  155. ↑ What's behind the calm winds of the offshore wind farms Bill in Brazil, Brazil Energy Insight, March 6, 2024.
  156. ↑ O que está por trás dos calmos ventos do PL das eólicas offshore, eixos.
  157. ↑ Gás e carvão no PL das eólicas offshore: não é jabuti, é "dragão", ClimaInfo, February 21, 2024.
  158. ↑ ["Jabutis" do projeto das eólicas offshore são alvos de críticas em encontro do setor elétrico], CNN Brasil.
  159. ↑ ['Jabutis' do PL das eólicas offshore afastam players do Brasil, diz consultoria], Lages Advocacia.
  160. ↑ [Eólicas offshore aguardam aprovação de PL para deslanchar], CanalEnergia.
  161. ↑ Brazilian Senate passes Offshore Wind Bill which sets course for sector's rapid growth in country, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC).
  162. ↑ "Eólicas Offshore: WWF-Brasil defende planejamento a montante para reduzir riscos e ampliar segurança jurídica e socioambiental do setor". WWF-Brasil. 2026-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  163. ↑ "Eólicas offshore põem em risco a pesca artesanal no Ceará, diz estudo da UFC". O Povo. 2026-05-02. Retrieved 2026-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  167. ↑ "Eólicas offshore, à espera da regulamentação". SINAVAL. 2026-10-02. Retrieved 2026-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  171. ↑ Global Bioenergy Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor.
  172. ↑ Balanço Energético Nacional (BEN) – Síntese 2024, EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética).
  173. ↑ Energia por biomassa deve ter expansão de 12% neste ano, Veja.
  174. ↑ País deve ganhar neste ano 22 usinas geradoras de energia a partir da biomassa, Fenasucro & Agrocana.
  175. ↑ Silveira quer trocar térmicas a combustíveis fósseis por reatores nucleares na Amazônia, ClimaInfo, April 19, 2024.
  176. ↑ "Steel Dashboard". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved 2021-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  177. ↑ "Marco Legal do Hidrogênio de Baixa Emissão de Carbono". Ministério de Minas e Energia (in português do Brasil). 2025-09-22. Retrieved 2026-10-10.
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  180. ↑ "How a Dam Building Boom Is Transforming the Brazilian Amazon". Yale E360. September 26, 2017. Retrieved 2021-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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