Energy profile: Mexico

From Global Energy Monitor
This page is part of Global Energy Monitor's Latin America Energy Portal.
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Overview

Mexico is the most fossil fuel-dependent of Latin America's major economies, relying on gas, oil and coal for three quarters[1] of its electricity in 2024. Mexico has invested heavily in fossil gas over the past decade, and leads the LAC region in operating oil and gas plant capacity (52 GW)[2] as well as new gas plant capacity under construction (6 GW).

Mexico is also home to some of LAC's largest and most polluting oil-[3] and coal-fired[4] power plants, and has more operating coal capacity (5.4 GW)[5] than any other country in Latin America.

Starting in 2013, Mexico established itself as an early leader[6] in utility-scale renewable energy development, but under the administration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024), most wind and solar projects, especially those sponsored by private companies[7], were frozen or cancelled[8] in favor of fossil-fueled power plants sponsored by state-owned CFE.

President Claudia Sheinbaum has promised a stronger role for renewables[9] in Mexico's electrical sector, including 4.7 GW of new solar and 2.5 GW of new wind in CFE's five-year generation expansion plan[10] for 2025-2030, announced in February 2025. However, the same five-year plan also included 6.1 GW of new gas plants, reaffirming the central role of fossil gas in Mexico's electricity mix. Between 2025 and 2030, Mexico plans to begin operating a total of 21 gas plants[11], representing 13 GW of capacity.

Subsequent announcements from the Sheinbaum administration have highlighted the importance of non-fossil sources in Mexico's energy future. In an August 2026 press release describing Mexico's 2026-2030 Development Plan, the government asserted that non-fossil sources would account for 82% of the 18.6 GW of new capacity to be added between 2026 and 2030, but did not provide names of the specific power plants reflected in that figure.[12]

The country's most ambitious renewable energy project is the Plan Sonora[13], designed to add 5 GW of solar PV in northwestern Mexico. Eight additional solar and wind farms with capacities >300 MW have been proposed, ranging in size from 314 MW to 787 MW.

Another key trend over the past decade has been the development of cross-border pipeline infrastructure, which has resulted in Mexico importing more than 70%[14] of its fossil gas from the US. The most recent addition to this network, TC Energy's Southeast Gateway Pipeline, began operating in May 2025 and was designed to feed new combined cycle gas plants on Mexico's Yucatán peninsula.

Other significant pipeline projects under development include Centauro del Norte, intended to supply new gas plants in Baja California and Sonora, and the 800 kilometer Sierra Madre Pipeline, designed to transport 2800 MMcfd of Permian Basin gas to the massive new Saguaro Energía LNG Terminal on Mexico's Pacific coast – the largest of several proposed LNG export terminals[15] aimed at shipping US gas to Asia via Mexican ports.

Current fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

Source: Carbon Brief

In 2025, Mexico generated 74.06% of its electricity from fossil fuels and 25.94% from non-fossil sources. The breakdown was as follows:[16]

  • 61.61% gas
  • 9.41% other fossil fuels
  • 8.05% hydro
  • 7.38% solar
  • 5.99% wind
  • 3.05% coal
  • 2.85% nuclear
  • 1.67% bioenergy

As of 2024, fossil fuels accounted for 60.47% of Mexico's installed electrical capacity, with non-fossil energy sources making up the remaining 39.53%, as detailed below:[17]

  • 60.47% fossil fuels
  • 13.48% hydro
  • 12.80% solar
  • 7.54% wind
  • 2.94% bioenergy
  • 1.72% nuclear
  • 1.04% geothermal

Mexico derives more than 80% of its total energy supply from fossil fuels.[18] In 2019, oil contributed 45.20%, followed by natural gas (37.84%), coal (6.44%), biofuels (5.02%), wind and solar (2.75%), nuclear (1.62%), and hydro power (1.13%).[19]

In 2020, fossil fuels accounted for 64.50% of Mexico's installed electrical capacity and 72.15% of electrical generation. Additional electricity was generated by hydro (8.59%), wind (6.31%), solar (4.33%, up from 1.83% in 2019), biomass (3.49%), nuclear (3.48%), and geothermal energy (1.46%).[18][20]

The 2020-2034 national electrical system plan details Mexico's strategy for meeting supply and demand over fifteen years. CFE's Plan de Negocios 2022-2026 details the State's intentions for Mexican electricity over the course of five years.

Energy planning targets

Mexico's electricity sector development plan is most commonly known by its acronym, PLADESE (Plan de Desarrollo del Sector Eléctrico). PLADESE 2025–2039 calls for gas-fired generation to stabilize at around 220-230 TWh annually over the next 15 years, while wind and solar generation both steadily increase and coal-fired generation decreases. The plan envisions dramatic growth in clean energy capacity, with solar, hydro, wind, cogeneration, nuclear, geothermal, bioenergy, and battery storage collectively increasing from 39.21% of Mexico's total installed capacity in 2025 to 58.89% by 2039. In terms of actual generation, these "clean" sources are expected to account for 48.2% of total generation by 2039, a significant jump from the 27.0% recorded in 2025; however, fossil fuels would still account for more than half of Mexico's electrical generation in 2039, according to the plan.[21]

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

As of 2020, Mexico's per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (3.0 tons annually) were the third highest in Latin America and the Caribbean, though still relatively small by international standards, ranking only 52nd globally.[22] The update to Mexico's NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) submitted in December 2020 called for a 22% reduction in GHG emissions and a 51% reduction in black carbon emissions by 2030.[23][24]

Mexico’s NDC 3.0, submitted in November 2025, substantially strengthened its climate framework by establishing, for the first time, an absolute 2035 emissions target alongside its 2030 goal. Mexico committed to limiting gross GHG emissions to 644 MtCO₂e in 2030, equivalent to a 35% reduction from the business-as-usual trajectory, while targeting net emissions of 364–404 MtCO₂e in 2035 on an unconditional basis and 332–363 MtCO₂e conditionally on international finance, technology transfer and capacity-building. It also committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.[25]

In the electricity sector, the 2025 NDC update called for electricity generation from clean sources to reach 38.5% by 2030 and 43.3% by 2035, with about 70% of new generating capacity added during 2025–2030 coming from clean energy, principally solar PV and wind; the associated expansion plan included seven wind projects, nine solar PV projects, five combined-cycle plants, and battery/other energy-storage technologies. It also called for modernization and expansion of the transmission system, including 275 new transmission lines and 524 substation projects, while reducing technical losses through smart-grid technologies.[25]

Mexico's NDC 3.0 envisaged progressively replacing fuel oil with natural gas in electricity generation and retiring/substituting inefficient thermal plants. Beyond power generation, major measures included widespread electrification of public transport and freight, construction of fast-charging infrastructure and electric freight corridors, expansion of electric mass transit and railways, and development of sustainable aviation fuels. Industrial decarbonization measures included energy efficiency, cogeneration, electrification, solar PV at industrial facilities and mines, and substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels, biomass and alternative fuels. Mexico targeted lower methane emissions from oil and gas, elimination of routine gas flaring in exploration and production, and greater use of renewable electricity.[25]

In July 2018 Mexico mandated the creation of an Emissions Trading System (ETS), beginning with a 36-month pilot program, the first of its kind in Latin America.[26] The pilot was launched in 2020–2021, followed by a transition phase in 2022.[27] The full operational phase originally planned for 2023 was delayed by regulatory and implementation issues.[28] As of mid-2026, the government was targeting 2027 for launch of the ETS.[29]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy agencies

SENER (Secretaría de Energía) is the Mexican government authority in charge of energy policy. Since Mexico's 2025 energy reform, SENER has also held most of the planning, regulatory and supervisory powers previously assigned to Mexico's independent energy regulators.

Permitting agencies

SEMARNAT (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) is Mexico's main environmental authority, responsible for all aspects of environmental policy. Power plants and other large projects must obtain environmental impact authorization from SEMARNAT, based on a Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental (MIA), before construction. Large industrial facilities under federal jurisdiction must also obtain an atmospheric emissions authorization known as LAU (Licencia Ambiental Única) from SEMARNAT as a precondition of operating.[30]

ASEA (Agencia de Seguridad, Energía y Ambiente) is the environmental and industrial-safety regulator for the hydrocarbons sector. Oil, gas, pipeline and LNG projects obtain their environmental authorizations from ASEA rather than SEMARNAT.

PROFEPA (Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente) is responsible for environmental inspection and enforcement.

CNE (Comisión Nacional de Energía) issues permits for electricity generation, electricity storage, and electricity commercialization and supply. It does not handle general environmental permitting, which remains the responsibility of SEMARNAT.

Regulatory agencies

CNE (Comisión Nacional de Energía) is the government regulator for Mexico's electricity, oil, natural gas, petroleum products and biofuels sectors. Created under the energy laws of March 2025, it is a deconcentrated body of SENER. It replaced the CRE (Comisión Reguladora de Energía) and the CNH (Comisión Nacional de Hidrocarburos), both of which were dissolved. The CNE grants permits, sets regulated tariffs and supervises the wholesale electricity market.

Electric utilities

State-owned CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) is Mexico's national electric utility company and largest electricity generator, running a fleet of combined cycle, thermal, hydro, geothermal, wind, solar and nuclear plants. Mexico's 2025 energy reform guaranteed CFE a dominant role, requiring that CFE generate at least 54 percent of the electricity injected into the national grid each year (private generators supply the rest). CFE has an exclusive mandate to build, own and maintain the national high-voltage transmission network and the distribution grid. It holds large capacity contracts on Mexico's gas pipelines and has the authority to procure, transport, store and trade fuels needed for generation at its plants and for third parties. It also maintains a website with information on Mexican energy tenders.

CENACE (Centro Nacional de Control de Energía), a decentralized public agency separate from CFE, is responsible for operating Mexico's national electrical grid and wholesale electricity market.[31] CENACE administers the interconnection process for power plants seeking to connect to Mexico's National Transmission Network or General Distribution Networks, including determining the required infrastructure and technical conditions and coordinating the interconnection contract and physical connection.

National oil & gas companies

State-owned Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos) is one of Latin America's two largest petroleum companies.[32][33] It is involved in onshore and offshore oil and gas development, including exploration, production, refining, and distribution.

State-owned CENAGAS (Centro Nacional de Control del Gas Natural) is the operator of Mexico's integrated national fossil gas pipeline transmission and storage system (SISTRANGAS).

Private energy companies

Naturgy, Cox, Sempra Energy, Fermaca and TC Energy are among the largest private developers of energy projects in Mexico.

Coal in Mexico

Coal-fired power in Mexico

As of 2026, Mexico had more operating coal capacity (5.4 GW) than any other country in Latin America and the Caribbean.[34] Yet, it had no clear timeline for the retirement of its three operating coal plants — Petacalco (2.8 GW), Carbón II (1.4 GW), and José López Portillo (1.2 GW). Mexico’s 2025–2039 Electrical Sector Development Plan alluded to the eventual phaseout of coal plants in vague terms, stating only that the participation of thermoelectric plants (including carboeléctricas) will be “minimized” by 2039, with “accelerated” decarbonization starting in 2030.[35] As of early 2026, Mexico’s state-owned electric utility CFE continued to purchase substantial amounts of domestic coal to supply the Carbón II, José López Portillo[36], and Petacalco plants.[37] Petacalco has repeatedly been identified as Mexico's most destructive power plant in terms of pollution and health impacts.[38][39]

Domestic Production

Electricity generation by type: real (2021) and projected with reform (2022) Source: CFE

Coal development in Mexico is concentrated in the northern state of Coahuila, which accounts for 99% of national production.[40][41] Mexico produced just over 11 million short tons of coal in 2019, ranking 23rd globally.[42]

In 2022, CFE released data which projected a 3,921 GWh increase in power generated from coal-fired power plants if the proposed electricity reform -Ley de la Industria Eléctrica (LIE)- passed.[43]

2021 studies have proposed the closure of multiple coal plants and to reroute resources for economic diversification.[44]The Program for the Rescue and Economic Diversification of the Coal Producing Region intend to reprioritize the actions of the local government to help protect the economic viability of the region as coal becomes a more controversial topic.[45][46]

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  1. MEXICO: Historia de una tonelada de carbón

Imports & source countries

Despite having its own domestic production, Mexico must still import coal to supply its three large coal-fired power plants: Carbon II, José López Portillo, and Petacalco.[40] Coal is mostly sourced from Australia, Colombia, Canada and the United States.[47]

Proposed new sources

In 2020 Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who regularly prioritized domestic fossil fuels over renewable energy projects, announced a government plan to ramp up coal production in Coahuila state, purchasing 2 million tons from small producers to supply Mexico's power plants and bolster the local economy.[48][49]

Proposed new projects

A new US$1.2 billion, 1400 MW coal-fired power plant has long been proposed for Coahuila state.[50][51][52] However, in November 2021 a top official of CFE (Mexico's federal electricity commission) stated that Mexico had no active plans to build any new coal plants,[53] which was reiterated in April 2022 at a meeting between Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador and U.S. representative John Kerry.[54]

Oil & Natural Gas in Mexico

Gas-fired power in Mexico

Fossil gas-fired power plants accounted for 61% of Mexico's electricity in 2025, the largest percentage among all Latin American and Caribbean countries.[55] Mexico has invested heavily in fossil gas over the past decade, and leads the LAC region in operating gas plant capacity (52 GW) as well as new gas plant capacity under construction (6 GW).[56] Even as President Claudia Sheinbaum has increased the country's commitment to wind and solar projects since 2024, the country continues to develop significant new gas plant capacity. Historically, Mexico has also been home to some of LAC’s largest and most polluting oil-fired power plants, such as the Tula power station in Hidalgo state[57]; recent government policy has focused on conversion of older oil-fired plants to run on fossil gas.

LNG terminals in Mexico

Mexico has emerged as one of the world’s most ambitious prospective LNG export hubs, with 73.6 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of export capacity proposed or under construction as of October 2024[58]—the third-largest planned LNG export buildout globally. Most of these projects would rely heavily on natural gas imported by pipeline from the United States, particularly from the Permian Basin, positioning Mexico as an alternative route for U.S. gas to reach Asian and other international markets. In August 2024, the country’s first LNG export facility began operations: New Fortress Energy’s 1.4 mtpa Altamira FLNG Train 1. A second train was under construction, while the company had also discussed adding up to three further trains. Sempra’s 3.25 mtpa Costa Azul LNG Train 1 was also under construction and approximately 85% complete as of August 2024, although commissioning had been delayed to early 2026; its proposed 12 mtpa second train remained at an earlier development stage. Mexico’s largest proposal, Mexico Pacific’s Saguaro Energía project, could eventually reach 15–30 mtpa, but had repeatedly delayed its final investment decision and depended on major new pipelines in both the United States and Mexico.[58]

Much of Mexico’s proposed LNG expansion may not come to fruition. Significant obstacles to LNG terminal development include permitting delays, financing difficulties, dependence on U.S. gas supplies and export authorizations, pipeline requirements, legal challenges, concerns about domestic gas availability, and environmental and community opposition.[58]

Gas pipelines in Mexico

According to November 2025 data from GEM's Global Gas Infrastructure Tracker, Mexico has nearly 19,000 km of operating gas pipelines, ranking ninth globally and first in Latin American and the Caribbean.[59] Many of these pipelines, including the vast Wahalajara network connecting Texas's Permian Basin with Mexico's interior, were constructed within the past decade. Key pipelines constructed during this period, with their start dates, are summarized below; follow the wiki page links for further details on each individual pipeline.

Mexico continues to plan significant new pipeline projects, most of them designed to supply large gas plants and or LNG terminals in northwestern Mexico and on the Yucatán Peninsula. The largest new gas pipeline proposals include:

Domestic Production

Mexico produced 1.94 million barrels per day of petroleum and other liquids in 2020, ranking second in Latin America and the Caribbean (after Brazil) and 12th in the world.[42] In 2019, the country produced 34 billion cubic meters of dry natural gas, ranking third in the region (after Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago).[60]

Consumption

Mexico consumed more than 2 million barrels per day of petroleum products in 2018, ranking 11th globally.[42] Natural gas consumption for the year totaled 2.93 trillion cubic feet (7th in the world).[42]

The projects which would continue to support Mexico's steady consumption of oil and natural gas are contentious.[61]

Imports and exports

Map: Pipeline and LNG terminal infrastructure designed to deliver Texas gas to Asia via Mexico, Source: Portal Energético para América Latina

Mexico is Latin America's second largest crude oil exporter (after Venezuela) and ranks 12th globally, with shipments totaling 1.28 million barrels per day in 2018.[42]

Mexico is the world's 7th largest importer of natural gas. Imports, which come mostly from the United States, totaled nearly 1.9 trillion cubic feet in 2018.[42] Thanks largely to the expansion of the US-Mexico pipeline system, imports have grown sharply over the last decade, and in 2018 imports surpassed domestic production for the first time to become Mexico's primary source of natural gas.[20] In 2021, natural gas imports from pipelines connecting with the United States accounted for 70% of Mexico's total gas supply (compared to 40% in 2015).[62]

Proposed new projects

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Construirán nueva terminal portuaria de gas licuado en Guaymas Sonora, por parte de LNG Alliance

A flurry of recently proposed LNG export terminal projects on Mexico's Pacific coast - including Costa Azul in Baja California, Mexico Pacific and AMIGO in Sonora, Vista Pacífico in Sinaloa and Salina Cruz in Oaxaca - seeks to capitalize on growing Asian demand and Mexico's excess natural gas capacity brought on by increased pipeline imports from the Permian Basin.[63][64][65][66]

Mexico's proposed Corredor Interoceánico, a massive, multi-faceted project linking Mexico's Gulf and Pacific coasts via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is slated to include significant expansion of the Jáltipan-Salina Cruz Pipeline, modernization of the Minatitlán and Salina Cruz refineries, and construction of major new infrastructure including the Salina Cruz LNG Terminal, the 812 MW Cogeneración Salina Cruz power station, and a deep draft port capable of serving large oil tankers in Salinas del Marqués.[67][68][69][70] Another major project announced in 2022, the Southeast Gateway Gas Pipeline, would significantly expand gas transport capacity between central and southeastern Mexico.[71]

Pipeline projects face opposition from activist and indigenous groups, which investors fear can pose a threat to new pipelines or pipeline expansions.[62]

Renewable Energy in Mexico

© 2020 The World Bank, Source: Global Solar Atlas 2.0, Solar resource data: Solargis.

In early 2025, Mexico's president Claudia Sheinbaum promised to include a "large percentage of renewable energy" in her plan to increase Mexican electricity capacity by 27 GW over the next five years.[72] The government of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) had strongly favored domestic fossil fuels over renewables, posing challenges to clean energy development. At the end of AMLO's presidency in 2024, Mexico had a backlog of older renewable energy projects that were already permitted but had not moved forward; several such projects were dropped from CRE's tabla de permisos (official government list of permitted projects) between 2021[73] and 2024.[74]

Mexico has set lofty goals for including renewables in its energy mix - 35% by 2024, 40% by 2035, and 50% by 2050 - but appears unlikely to achieve these targets.[75] Mexico has some of the highest levels of solar radiation on earth, making it a prime candidate for photovoltaic energy projects.[75] During 2020, renewable energy investment was greatly hindered by the actions of CENACE.[76] Distributed solar generation is important to Mexico reaching its renewable energy goals.[77]

CFE projections of clean energy 2024 vs 2035. Source: PV Magazine

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Controversy in Oaxaca, Mexico over Latin America’s biggest wind farm

The October 2021 shift to a centralized energy model has put solar and wind energy lowest in the hierarchy of priorities as they are principally in the hands of private suppliers.[58] As of early 2022, the majority of wind generation in Mexico was held by five private companies and the majority of solar by six private companies.[78] Solar and wind farms have received pushback from indigenous communities who say the projects do not account for the needs of the local populations nor the flora and fauna.[79] Activist group are in support of renewable energy, but not the megaprojects which take advantage of a community and the intimidation tactics being used to coerce community officials.[80]

Geothermal energy in Mexico has large potential but is largely unexplored. The Cerro Prieto geothermal field is among the largest geothermal generating stations in the world.[81]

A 2021 study found Mexico has approximately 22 TW of green hydrogen potential.[82]

By 2028, Mexican renewables are projected to reach nearly 20GW- 59% from wind and 21% from hydro.[83] However, the Insituto Mexicano para la Competitividad argues the move to renewable energy sources is still insufficient to meet their energy transition commitments.[84]

Lithium in Mexico

Research released in 2022 shows that there are 82 viable locations for lithium mining within Mexico.[85] As of April 2022, contracts assigned for lithium exploration and exploitation require special review as part of President AMLO's goal to keep lithium as "property of the Nation".[86][87]

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El litio mexicano: guerra de Cifras - MOMENTUM

Iron & Steel in Mexico

Map of Mexican steel plants, 2021 (Source: Canacero)

Mexico is Latin America's second largest producer of iron and steel (after Brazil), with 23,006 ttpa of steelmaking capacity and 15,040 ttpa of ironmaking capacity.[88] The country's largest steelmaker, Altos Hornos de México (AHMSA) in Coahuila state, still largely relies on older, more energy-intensive blast furnace / basic oxygen furnace technology. Several other large Mexican steel plants, including ArcelorMittal Lázaro Cárdenas , Ternium San Nicolás de los Garza, Deacero Celaya, TYASA, and TenarisTamsa, have adopted the less energy-intensive electric arc furnace method, which accounts for nearly two-thirds of Mexico's steelmaking capacity.

Environmental & social impacts of energy in Mexico

Mexico's older, larger power plants -- including the coal-fired José López Portillo, Carbón II, and Petacalco and the gas-fired Manzanillo power station - are notoriously heavy polluters associated with numerous environmental, health, and safety concerns.[47][89][90] The Corredor Interoceánico del Istmo de Tehuantepec, a proposed mega-project designed to facilitate transfer of natural gas and other resources between Mexico's Gulf and Pacific coasts, has provoked sustained protests and blockades due to the developers' failure to consult with indigenous communities or obtain permission to enter their lands.[91][92][93]

EJ Atlas maintains an interactive map with energy-related infrastructure with a layer for points of conflict.

References

  1. ↑ Mexico, Ember.
  2. ↑ Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  3. ↑ Termoeléctrica de Tula: el caldero del "infierno ambiental" de Hidalgo, El Economista, May 30, 2020.
  4. ↑ Central carboeléctrica de Petacalco: la bonanza hecha cenizas, El Economista, June 13, 2020.
  5. ↑ Global Coal Plant Tracker: Summary Tables, Global Energy Monitor.
  6. ↑ A Race to the Top: Latin America, Global Energy Monitor.
  7. ↑ Se emiten nuevas leyes para el Sector Eléctrico en México, Norton Rose Fulbright, March 2025.
  8. ↑ Enfrentan doble obstáculo 11 proyectos de energía limpia en Jalisco, El Informador, May 20, 2020.
  9. ↑ Mexican president aims for 27 GW of new capacity with large renewables share over next five years, pv magazine, January 16, 2025.
  10. ↑ Plan de Fortalecimiento y Expansión del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, Proyectos México, February 2025.
  11. ↑ Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor.
  12. ↑ "Gobierno de México presenta por primera vez el programa de desarrollo CFE 2026–2030" (PDF). Secretaría de Energía. 2026-08-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ↑ Plan Sonora, Gobierno de México, February 2025.
  14. ↑ New York Times feature on Mexico's reliance on U.S. natural gas amid trade tensions with the Trump administration, April 16, 2025.
  15. ↑ LNG 2024: Latin America and the Caribbean edition, Global Energy Monitor, October 2024.
  16. ↑ "Yearly Electricity Data". Ember. Retrieved 2026-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2025". OLADE. Retrieved 2026-09-04.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2021". OLADE. November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ↑ "IEA Policies and Measures Database © OECD/IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2021-04-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Panorama energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2020 (p 98)". OLADE. November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ↑ "Plan de Desarrollo del Sector Eléctrico 2025–2039 (PLADESE 2025–2039): Escenario de Planeación 2025–2039 (pp 102, 104, 106)" (PDF). SENER (Secretaría de Energía). 2025-10-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ↑ "IEA Energy Atlas". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2021-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (PDF). Gobierno de la República de México. September 21, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional" (PDF). Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. December 30, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Actualización de la Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional 3.0 de México" (PDF). Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Gobierno de México. 2025-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ "Pilot Program of the Mexican Emissions Trading System" (PDF). SEMARNAT (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales). 2019-10-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ "General Law of Climate Change - Mexico pilot ETS". IEA. 2024-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "Mexico Carbon Markets Poised for Expansion in 2026". Beveridge & Diamond. 2025-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ "Mexico aims for 2027 ETS launch, sees low initial carbon prices and key role for offsets". Fastmarkets. 2026-06-10. Retrieved 2026-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ "Preguntas Frecuentes para Realizar los Tramites de Licencia Ambiental Única (LAU) y Licencia de Funcionamiento (LF)" (PDF). Gobierno de México. Retrieved June 14, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Electricity regulation in Mexico: overview". Practical Law. Retrieved 2021-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Latin America's biggest national oil companies revise strategies, but Petrobras has profit advantage over PEMEX". Moody's. November 25, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ↑ "Venezuela falls to fourth-largest oil producer in Latin America". World Oil. May 20, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ "Summary Table: Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country (MW)". Global Coal Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved 2026-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ "Escenario de planeación 2025-2039" (PDF). Secretaría de Energía. 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ↑ "Adjudica CFE 7.9 millones de toneladas de carbón mineral para termoeléctricas de Coahuila". Energía A Debate. 2025-10-10. Retrieved 2026-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ↑ "Sheinbaum defiende diversificación de compra de carbón de CFE | El Tiempo Monclova". El Tiempo. 2026-01-19. Retrieved 2026-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ↑ "Central carboeléctrica de Petacalco: la bonanza hecha cenizas". El Economista. 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2026-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ↑ "CFE plant in Guerrero produces electricity and death: anti-graft group". Mexico News Daily. 2022-07-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Mexico's CFE to buy 360,000t of coal: Update". Argus Media. March 21, 2019.
  41. ↑ "Panorama Minero del Estado de Coahuila (p 11)" (PDF). Servicio Geológico Mexicano. December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 "Rankings - Mexico". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved 2021-06-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ↑ "Transición energética en tiempos del carbón con "justicia social"". Animal Político (in español). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  44. ↑ "Sugieren a Coahuila pasar de carbón a renovables". www.elnorte.com (in español). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  45. ↑ "Programa para el Rescate y la Diversificación Económica de la Región Carbonífera". vanguardia.com.mx (in español). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
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  92. ↑ "Por tercer día, campesinos mixes de 3 municipios de Oaxaca protestan contra el Corredor Interoceánico". El Universal: Oaxaca. March 10, 2021.
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